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A Chapter Dedicated to Pestered Housekeepers: The Domestic Cat as a Household Trap. The Barrel Trap. The Box Dead Fall. The Board Flap. The Box Pit Fall. The Cage Trap. The Jar Trap. Bowl Traps. Fly Paper. Fly Trap

Do It Yourself Insect Repellents and Natural Mosquito Repellents and Homemade insecticide information and recipes and Natural Insect Repellents and Homemade Fly Spray Formulas for Horses and Natural Bug Repellents

Desert Locust Pocket Book (NRI) This is about the African locust, but is still interesting.

Pest Management and Identification Information about managing pests, including University of California's official guidelines for monitoring pests and using pesticides and nonpesticide alternatives for managing insect, mite, nematode, weed, and disease pests.

Wildlife Management - Rodents BIG list of rodents and PDFs to control them.

Guide to trapping nuisance coyotes A key to successful trapping is to use the correct trap for the job. A trap should be large, powerful and fast enough to catch the coyote that activates it. For best results, chose a No. 3 coil-spring trap with a jaw spread of about 6 inches. Smaller traps do not get as high a grip on the animal's foot, increasing the likelihood of escape. To further prevent an animal from escaping, use a trap that has smooth jaws, which holds the foot firmly without breaking the skin. Traps with four coils are preferred because they have enough power to break through the dirt and close more quickly than traps with two coiled springs...See also: Guide to snaring nuisance coyote and Identifying Coyote Tracks

Integrated Pest Management FAS This publication has been prepared to help farmers evaluate their pest management practices and figure out how to implement an effective pest management program. By reading each section and answering a series of questions, you will be able to determine how to improve pest management on your farm. Each section deals with a different topic.

Managing Pests Around the Home Caution: Icky spider on the cover of this PDF file. (I really don't like spiders...) Most household pests are insects and are commonly called “bugs.” Other organisms such as spiders, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, ticks, sowbugs, pillbugs, mites, rats, mice, snakes, bats, squirrels, birds, molds and fungi may enter homes. In Tennessee, one or more of about 40 common pests are found in every home at one time or another. Even the most conscientious person cannot always avoid an occasional pest infestation.

Municipal Rodent Management Fact Sheet A typical large city in the United States annually receives more than 10,000 complaints about rodent problems and performs tens of thousands of rodent control inspections and baiting services. To be effective, such large-scale rodent control operations require a detailed but concise plan, one that melds technical pest management expertise with interagency cooperation and public relations.

Vertebrate Pests: Damage Control (FeedAndGrain.com) Feed mills and grain elevators are the all-you-can-eat buffets of the bird and rodent worlds. An integrated management program can help in the never-ending task of ridding your facility of these rats — feathered or not.

Biological Control- A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America : Provides photographs and descriptions of major biological control (or biocontrol) agents of major insect, disease and weed pests in North America. On each page are photographs, descriptions of life cycles and habits, and other useful information about each natural enemy. Currently includes individual pages of approximately 40 natural enemies of pest species. Expansion is envisioned. A biological control glossary is also provided.

Here’s a mighty creative way to protect your plants from animals We immediately put into action our "Protect Trees and Plants from Four-Legs Plan," and very soon we knew we had a plan that worked.

Livestock Predator FAQ. Awesome HTML workup on livestock predators & prevention techniques. No Frames version available, too! See also:

Control of Rabbits and Hares - As pests infesting crops.

"Ortho Home Gardener’s Problem Solver" Excellent database of gardening help split into four sections: Plant Doctor, to diagnose & treat problems; Pests & Diseases, provides information to help battle both; Plant Care, for both house & garden plants - information to keep plants healthy; and Garden Tips, to make everything easier and provide great results. Each section contains volumes of hi-octane info.

"Organic Insecticides" Organic methods of dealing with garden insects that you DON’T want hanging around. From the Dirt Doctor.

"Flea Control" Some organic methods of controlling fleas on pets and in/around the house/yard. From the Dirt Doctor.

"Dogwood & Hydrangea Plants Foil Crop Pests" USDA scientists report effectiveness of dogwood & hydrangea leaves to battle corn earworm and fall armyworm.

"Livestock Predators" Excellent article on livestock predators. For the small scale farm.

Livestock Guard Dogs, Llamas, and Donkeys - Colorado State University

Management of Coyote, Red Fox, Feral Dog, Wolf-Hybrid, and Exotic Carnivore Predation on Livestock in the State of Ohio See also (slightly better format): Integrated Management of Coyote, Red Fox, Feral Dog, Wolf-Hybrid, and Exotic Carnivore Predation On Livestock in the State of West Virginia Across the United States, natural systems are being substantially altered as human populations expand and encroach on wildlife habitats. Human uses and needs often compete with wildlife for space and resources, increasing the potential for conflicting human/wildlife interactions. In addition, segments of the public strive for protection for all wildlife; this protection can create localized conflicts between humans and wildlife activities.

Predation and Predator Control - Canid Specialists Group The Carnivora, as the name implies, are generally predatory, and to a greater or lesser extent, all canids live by killing prey. This fact raises three related questions in the context of conserving and managing wild canids. First, to what extent are the populations of canids limited by their prey, and to what extent do they limit the numbers of their prey? Second, and with respect to valuable prey, is the impact of predation by canids disadvantageous to people? Third, where predation by canids throws them into conflict with people, how might such conflict best be resolved?

The Coyote - DesertUSA The ubiquitous coyote is found throughout North America from eastern Alaska to New England and south through Mexico to Panama. It originally ranged primarily in the northwest corner of the US, but it has adapted readily to the changes caused by human occupation and, in the past 200 years, has been steadily extending its range.

The Coyote in New York State The coyote has been present in New York state at least since 1920. As with its western cousin, the eastern coyote has been the object of much controversy as well as curiosity.

Coyotes in the Southwest - a Compendium of our Knowledge  Long before the recent clamor over endangered species, predators and their management were controversial. The coyote (Canis latrans) is often at the center of such debates. Cursed by some, revered by others, respected by all, the coyote is an icon of the Southwest.

Coping with Coyotes - Texas A&M Like the mesquite, the coyote is locally abundant, well established, adaptable, and resilient to forces aimed at its control. Up to a point, both the mesquite and the coyote are compatible with most livestock ranching, but when the population of either species becomes too dense, livestock production can suffer.

Why Coyotes Become Predators - Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency In nature usually a local population will grow to a peak and then limiting factors will combine and cause it to collapse. Somewhere in between the peak and collapsed levels there is a point, where the available habitat will support a specific number of individuals in perpetuity. That population density is called the "carrying capacity" and is associated to a given area.

Coyote Control in the Eastern United States - Mississippi State University The coyote (Canis latrans) is a native of the plains and mountainous areas of the western United States but has become established throughout most of the eastern United States in the last 20 years. Problems associated with this population expansion are increasing. Some coyotes kill and eat poultry, calves, goats, sheep, other livestock, rodents, rabbits, white-tailed deer fawns, and other wildlife. Coyotes are opportunistic and will eat melons, corn, other agricultural crops, and unattended domestic animals and pets.

When Coyotes Become a Nuisance - Nova Scotia  It is a fact that the coyote, Canis latrans, is here to stay, and there is no quick fix for the protection of sheep or for the removal of the coyote. This fact sheet examines the difficult task of protecting sheep from coyotes. Recommendations are made based on experiences learned in other jurisdictions of North America and on the experiences of Nova Scotia sheep producers. Many sheep owners in central Nova Scotia were interviewed and their advice and experiences were incorporated into this fact sheet.

Missouri's Coyotes The first step in resolving conflicts between people and wildlife is an understanding of the wildlife species involved. This booklet is designed to help readers understand coyote behavior. It also offers preventative methods and nonlethal solutions to coyote problems. Lethal methods, which are often the best short-term control options, also are included.

Coyotes in Connecticut Coyotes have dramatically spread across North America. Until about one-hundred years ago the species only ranged through the western states -- out with the antelope, cowboys, and howl-inducing prairie moons: coyotes are integral to western folklore. Then like a prairie wildfire the population began to spread past former boundaries, extending north into Canada, south into Mexico and, as if assisted by prevailing westerlies, east across the Mississippi River through the upper Midwest and southern Canada. One could be convinced that New England was the goal of this latter, eastward vector, although it also spread north and south at its peripheries. In the east, coyotes first colonized northern New England and neighboring sections of Canada. The southeast or southerly movement of the spread hit Connecticut in the 1950s, and the spread continued south and eventually claimed the southeastern states.

Coyote - Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation The coyote (Canis latrans), once strictly a western species, now occurs throughout the eastern United States. Coyotes began expanding their range into the Southeast in the 1960s, reaching northwestern Florida in the 1970s. In a 1981 survey, coyotes were reported in 18 of Florida's 67 counties. A similar survey in 1988 reported coyotes in 48 counties. They are most numerous in northern Florida, but their numbers appear to be increasing state- wide. The eventual occupation of the entire state is likely.

Visual Guide to Interpreting Physical Evidence of Coyote Predation on Domestic Livestock (poster) WARNING: GRAPHIC PICTURE Coyotes have been increasingly observed in Florida, and may cause losses among livestock operations. Whether losses justify efforts at control, and where those efforts should be focused, will depend in part upon the ability to identify predation from other causes of mortality.

Gray Wolf (Canus lupis) - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Second only to humans in their adaption to climate extremes throughout the world, gray wolves were equally at home in the deserts of Israel, the deciduous forests of Virginia and the frozen Arctic of Siberia. Within the continental United States, gray wolves once ranged from coast to coast and from Canada to Mexico.

Red Wolf (Canus rufus) - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service The red wolf derived its name from the reddish color of the head, ears, and legs. However, its coloring can range from very light tan to black. Weighing 45 to 80 pounds, the red wolf is smaller than the gray wolf and larger than the coyote. Also, the head is broader than the coyote's but more narrow than the gray wolf's. The red wolf's most distinguishing features are the long ears and legs.

International Wolf Center The International Wolf Center advances the survival of wolf populations by teaching about wolves, their relationship to wild lands and the human role in their future.

Fact Sheet - Wolf Reintroduction into the United States - Abundant Wildlife Society of North America After their success at forcing wolf recovery in Yellowstone National Park, special interest groups are proposing the reintroduction of wolves in various regions of the United States (U.S.). Based on extensive research, we oppose transplanting wolves in the U.S. for the following reasons WARNING: GRAPHIC PICTURE

Yellowstone Wolf News Page The Leopold Pack has the distinction of being the first free forming pack in Yellowstone National Park and is named after Aldo Leopold a noted conservationist and a pioneer of wolf restoration. Striking out on their own as 1.5 year old wolves often do, female #7 from the original Rose Creek Pack and male #2 from the Crystal Creek Pack spent time as "lone wolves", wandering the park. We were excited to learn that they have joined together. They have staked out a territory and have been observed exhibiting courtship behavior. Pups are expected in the spring of 1996.

Reintroduction of the Wolf into the Southwest U.S. Long before cowboys roamed, before Spaniards rode in conquest, before even the Apache and Navajo arrived, wolves inhabited the ancient Southwest, but as cattle ranching took hold in the 1800s, the predatory wolf became an obstacle to commerce. By the 1920s it was just about exterminated from the Western landscape. But wolves are making a comeback of a kind in part because of shifting public values.

Dealing with Wolf Predation on the Ranch - Wyoming Department of Agriculture If you suspect a wolf has killed your livestock you will need proof, so carefully preserve the evidence.

American black bear (Ursus americanus) The black bear is approximately 5 feet long and varies in weight from 125 to 400 pounds. It has small eyes, rounded ears, a long snout, a large body, and a short tail. The shaggy hair varies in color from white through chocolate brown, cinnamon brown, and blonde to black, but most black bears are indeed black or a darker shade of brown.

Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)  A symbol of America's wildlands, the grizzly or brown bear is one of the largest North American land mammals. The grizzly bear's historic range covered much of North America from the mid-plains westward to California and from central Mexico north throughout Alaska and Canada. Today, the grizzly bear is found in only about 2 percent of its original range in the lower 48 states.

West Texas Black Bears The Black Bear is a stocky, large animal, one of the largest mammals in North America. Adults reach a length of 5 to 6 feet, height at the shoulder of 2 to 3 feet, and weigh 200-300 pounds. Although called a "black" bear, colors can range from black to the occasional cinnamon brown. Front claws are generally longer than hind claws. The fur is long and coarse. Although appealing and generally harmless, Black Bears can injure humans when provoked and should be treated with caution.

Dog Predation of Domestic Sheep in Ohio

How to differentiate between dog and coyote predation - Ontario, Canada Identifying the cause of death is not easy, but it can be especially difficult for inexperienced sheep producers. The purpose of this factsheet is to aid producers and livestock evaluators in distinguishing between losses caused by predators and non-predator causes. If predation is the cause of death then it is particularly important to identify the species responsible so additional control measures can be implemented to minimize future losses. Heavy emphasis is placed on distinguishing between coyote predation and dog predation, since they collectively account for almost all predator related losses in Ontario flocks.   

Recognizing Wild Dog and Dingo Predation - Western Australia Producers need to be able to recognize the cause of stock losses as a first step to reducing them. Some losses such as those brought about by general harassment, mis-mothering and so on cannot be easily measured. While such damage may be considerable, it falls outside the scope of this article which deals with recognizing dingo damage to sheep found dead or injured.

Evaluating Predation by Coyotes | Evaluating Predation by Bears | Evaluating Predation by Dogs | Evaluating Predation by Eagles | Evaluating Predation by Foxes | Evaluating Predation by Bobcats | Evaluating Predation by Cougars | Evaluating Predation by Scavenging Birds

Are Foxes Killing Your Lambs - Western Australia Many surveys, based on post mortem examination of lamb carcasses both in Western Australia and elsewhere, have shown that foxes kill and eat very few healthy lambs. However, there are exceptions to this general rule.

Coyote Control in Alabama

Managing Coyote Problems in Kentucky In the last 30 years the coyote (Canis latrans) has gradually spread throughout the eastern United States from its historic range in the plains and mountains of western North America. Except for the eastern mountains, the coyote is now common in all parts of Kentucky.

Reducing Coyote Predation Through Sheep Management Techniques - University of Nevada Reno A diversity of opinion exists as to the effectiveness of various predator control methods. Scientists and ranchers disagree among themselves about the relative effectiveness of poisons, trapping, aerial hunting, "denning," and other methods. Criticism from environmentalists and others has resulted in greater consideration being given to the selectivity, specificity, environmental and human safety, and humaneness of various methods. Federal and state agencies have been restricted in their use of certain control methods by government regulation and public sentiment. Meanwhile, predation has been cited as one of the economic factors blamed for the decline of the western sheep industry.

Controlling Coyote Predation on Sheep in California: A Model Strategy Over a three-year period, we conducted field trials in order to develop a more effective and selective strategy for reducing coyote predation on sheep and lambs at the UC Hopland Research and Extension Center. Our primary tool for selectively removing sheep-killing coyotes was the Livestock Protection Collar (LPC), a device designed to deliver a lethal dose of toxicant to any coyote that attacks a collared sheep and punctures the device. Additionally, we used llamas as guard animals in certain pastures in an effort to deter coyote attacks.

Sheep Predator Control and Guard Animals - Manitoba, Canada The control of predation among sheep flocks has been a serious problem for producers since man first domesticated the sheep. The development of modern electric fencing and the use of guardian animals have much reduced the scale of predator losses where these management practices are followed. The use of Guardian animals, particularly dogs, dates back in Europe at least to Roman times. In North America livestock guardian dogs first began to be used in the late 1970s after importation of many of the older European breeds by Ray Coppinger, Hampshire College, Amherst, Mass.  

Livestock Guardian Dog Association Livestock Guardian Dog (LGD) breeds have been used for centuries to protect livestock from predators in Europe and Asia. The most well-known of these breeds in the United States are the Great Pyrenees, Anatolian Shepherds, Akbash and Maremma. Many also work as family and home guardians, and several are assistance dogs to their disabled owners, as they are sturdy enough to provide physical support. With the right socialization, training and physical environment, LGDs can be successful family pets and home protectors. They are generally aloof toward strangers and their size alone is rather intimidating. Though strong, independent-minded and protective, they are normally gentle with children and livestock alike. A common saying among LGD owners is "LGDs are like potato chips - you can't have just one".

Dog Owner's Guide - Livestock Guard Dogs Maremma, Akbash, Komondor, Kangal, Kuvasz — the names of obscure breeds barely known to the most interested of dog owners hardly roll off the tongue, but these livestock guardians and more remind modern pet and show dog owners of the ancient partnership between man and canine. Developed in Europe and Asia to protect flocks of sheep in all terrain, these independent, loyal, courageous dogs have done their job well for centuries.

Raising and Training a Livestock Guardian Dog - Oregon State University Guarding dogs are useful tools for reducing losses to predators. Success depends upon the inborn abilities of the dog and on proper training. This publication provides suggestions for bringing out the best performance in your livestock-guarding dog.

Guard Dogs for Predator Control - Case AgWorld Sheep producers losing lambs to predators or dogs find themselves seeking help to control or eliminate these losses. Several options are available to producers. Various kinds of electric and non-electric fences, traps to catch the predators, scare devices, cultural methods of penning sheep such as housing at night, using vapor lights, and guardian dogs are options quite successful in decreasing losses for many sheep producers.

Using Guard Dogs as Predator Control - Purdue University Predator Control is a very large concern for most livestock breeder, especially those in less populated regions of the US. Traditionally we think of coyotes as a major predator of sheep however, the common domestic dog can pose just as great of a threat.  

Livestock Guard Dogs: What is a breed and why does it matter? - Virginia Tech This article is a set of thoughts that I have been pondering for the last few years, concerning breeds, livestock guard dogs, and the interaction of those two subjects. My usual sphere of activity is with conservation of livestock genetic resources, and dogs differ from this in many regards. At the same time, though, the issues of breeds and breed conservation of dogs have many features in common with those of livestock. This article is going to wander a bit, and then will come back and hopefully tie all the loose ends into some sort of neat package.

Livestock Guardian Dogs - Saskatchewan, Canada While this publication refers specifically to sheep and the predation problems associated with sheep production, guardian dogs have also been shown to be effective guardians of other livestock species such as goats, ostriches, cattle and even elk and bison.

Guard Llamas: A Part of Integrated Sheep Protection - Iowa State University Coyote predation on sheep has been a problem for many years. Several methods are used to reduce this predation. Guard llamas offer a viable, non-lethal alternative for reducing predation, while requiring little specialized training and care.

Guardian Llamas - Rockaway Ranch Llamas make excellent livestock guardians. This fact was researched first in the early 1990's by Dr. William H. Franklin of Iowa State University. Dr. Franklin studied the guardian behavior of llamas -- the how and why of guard llamas.

Llama Sheep Guards - Snake River Llamas Whether you have a small farm flock or a large commercial flock, llamas may be the answer to your dog or coyote predation problems!

Guard Llamas - llama.org Coyote predation is a serious problem for the sheep industry. The traditional approach to controlling predator losses has been to trap and poison coyotes. During this study, 145 sheep producers using guard llamas were interviewed to determine characteristics of the guard llamas and husbandry practices.

Sheep Guarding - Llamapaedia The two main predators of llamas in South America are the puma and a coyote-like animal. This makes llamas naturally wary of these types of animals. People have utilized this natural and instinctive behavior by using llamas as guard animals against primarily canids (the dog family). They are used all over the country to protect sheep from dogs, coyotes and other predators.

Llamas Guarding Sheep: Not Such a Far Fetched Idea - Backwoods Home Magazine It seems that farmers always need an extra pair of hands, but finding the money to pay the extra help is often impossible. You need the help to make money, but you need money to pay the help. Faced with this problem when they added a few head of sheep to their operation, Joy and Brent Crawford, a Montana ranching couple, found a unique solution.  

Guard Llamas Keep Sheep Safe from Coyotes - National Geographic magazine On the edges of a sheep farm, a coyote lurks, licking his chops. Suddenly, the sheep's guardian lets out a strange cry that sounds like a rusty hinge and charges the fence. What's this fleecy shepherd raising the alarm? A llama, better known as a pack animal and source of meat and wool in the Andes and plains of southern South America.

Llamas as Guardians - NOT! Well, MAYBE... please read all the way through this page.

Guidelines for Using Donkeys as Guard Animals with Sheep - Ontario, Canada Donkeys are gaining in popularity due to their relatively low cost, minor maintenance requirements, longevity and their compatibility with other predator control methods. Donkeys also offer the additional advantage in that they can be fed in much the same manner as sheep.

Use of Donkeys to Guard Sheep and Goats - Texas Department of Agriculture Donkeys, or burros, have gained popularity among ranchers and farmers for protection of sheep and goats. This practice capitalizes on the herding instincts as well as natural dislike and aggressiveness of some donkeys toward dogs and coyotes. With proper management practices, guard donkeys can be a great asset for protecting sheep and goats. Mules are also being used as guard animals but to a lesser extent.

Guard Donkeys - Heart's Ease Farm There are three types of livestock guardians that we investigated: llamas, dogs, and donkeys. Llamas were definitely interesting, dogs came in a distant second in our minds, and donkeys, well donkeys were an animal I wanted nothing to do with. With a reputation for being loud, with their penetratingly obnoxious braying, and for being stubborn and unmanageable. They just weren't an option...

Trapping Depredating Coyotes - National Ag Safety Database  The coyote (Canis latrans) is a 20- to 40-pound omnivore that feeds primarily on mammals, birds, insects and fruits. They kill an estimated 1 percent to 2.5 percent of the domestic ewes and 4 percent to 8 percent of lambs resulting in an annual loss of approximately $2,000,000 to sheep producers in Colorado.

Proper Use of Snares for Capturing Fur Bearers - Natinal Ag Safety Database  Snaring is a useful technique to capture animals that cause economic loss, such as coyotes that kill livestock and beavers that cut trees or plug irrigation ditches. Snaring also is popular for harvesting surplus furbearers, one of our renewable natural resources. Snares are effective for capturing target animals, but may capture non-target animals such as deer and dogs if used improperly.

Guide to Trapping Nuisance Coyotes - Missouri Dept. of Conservation A key to successful trapping is to use the correct trap for the job. A trap should be large, powerful and fast enough to catch the coyote that activates it.

Guide to Snaring Nuisance Coyotes - Missouri Dept. of Conservation Using snares on dry land is illegal in Missouri, but landowners and farmers can get a special permit from wildlife damage biologists to use snares to catch nuisance animals. The biologists also will show how to use snares and sell them at cost to those experiencing a nuisance problem.

The Livestock Protection Collar - USDA APHIS  The collar is one of many tools available to WS for predator management. WS uses an integrated wildlife damage management approach to reduce or prevent wildlife damage. In selecting control techniques for specific wildlife damage situations, WS personnel consider the species responsible, the frequency, and the extent of the damage. In addition to damage confirmation and assessment, consideration is also given to the status of the species, local environmental conditions, environmental impacts, and other factors. Then these factors are evaluated and used in formulating management strategies that may include the application of one or more damage management techniques.  

The M-44 Sodium Cyanide Ejector Mechanism - USDA APHIS  The M–44 is an effective, environmentally sound tool registered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and used only by trained and certified applicators. There are 26 EPA–mandated use restrictions governing the use of M–44's. All M–44's used in WS field operations are well marked and are checked by trained personnel at least once a week.

How do you catch a coyote? - Universitsy of Georgia Answering the question of `how to catch a coyote' is not easy. My initial response is give it up and leave it to a professional. Do not put your health and safety at risk dealing with a coyote except in an emergency. SSRsi Note: This is typical of the entire paper... kind of like the liberals' approach to catching and terrorists.

Controlling Coyotes with Snares - Texas A & M Snares are relatively simple devices that can be used effectively in certain situations to trap coyotes (Canis latrans). A snare consists of a wire loop with a locking device that tightens around the animal’s body as it passes through the loop (see Fig. 1). Snares are most commonly set where the coyotes are crawling under a fence, but they can also be set in trails in the brush, or at a den entrance. Also available (slightly different) at: Use of Snares for Capturing Coyotes - Kansas State University

Predator Control for Sustainable and Organic Livestock Production - [PDF] This publication is intended as a guide to raise producers awareness of predation, identify potential predator problem areas, and suggest management practices to prevent predation. Because every person and every pasture is different, there is no way that any or all of these predator control practices will achieve perfect predator management, but they can help reduce the number of livestock killed by predators. Go HERE for an HTML presentation.

The Electronic Guard: a Tool in Predation Control - USDA WS The Electronic Guard helps reduce wildlife damage to agricultural resources. Developed by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services' (APHIS) Wildlife Services (WS) program, this device combines two scare tactics, sound and light. Although it was created by WS' National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) to protect sheep from coyote predation, the Electronic Guard can be used to protect other livestock and commodities from wildlife damage.

Wolf Management: Non-lethal Control - Wolf Trust A conservation site by those who would rather not see the wolf population exterminated and have come up with some innovative alternatives to the .270 rifle.

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