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Alphabets, Ciphers and Codes
The most commonly-used letters in English plain text are ETOANIRSH, in that
order. Vail assigned them the shortest groups [ . - . . .- -. .. .. . ...
....]. Here, . represents a "dot" or the basic time interval. A "dash" is
represented by - , three dots in length. Vail used three lengths of dashes,
or marking states, and here only the shortest is used. The O is a spaced
letter consisting of two dots separated by a double space. It is not
difficult to recognize the difference between the characters I, O, and E E,
especially when receiving the alphabet by ear. R is also a spaced letter.
Designing an alphabet so that the most commonly used characters are sent in
the shortest time is a rather advanced science with many applications
today...
Analysis of Criminal Codes and Ciphers by Olson (Forensic Science ...
For as long as man has had the ability to communicate,
secrecy has been sought. Over the centuries various methods of secret
writing, or cryptography, have been developed for numerous purposes. The two
major categories of cryptographic systems are ciphers and codes, both of
which are used extensively by criminals to conceal clandestine records,
conversations, and writings...[Link recovered
5/11/11]
Codes, Ciphers, & Codebreaking
Codes, ciphers, and codebreaking have been around for millennia, with the
survival of nations sometimes hanging on the security of codes and ciphers.
With modern computer networking, they have become important in day-to-day
life. This document provides a technical and historical introduction to
codes, ciphers, and codebreaking...
The National Security Agency’s Center for
Cryptologic History (CCH) preserves and advances understanding of
cryptologic history for NSA, the United States Intelligence Community, the
Department of Defense, other government agencies, academia, and the general
public. CCH provides objective, meaningful historical support to NSA
leadership and the workforce to enhance decision-making, cryptologic
knowledge, and esprit de corps. CCH also serves as NSA’s historical outreach
to academia and the general public. Below is a list of NSA/CSS historical publication categories. PDF or text
file versions are available for most of the monographs and brochures. Printed
copies of publications marked with an asterisk (*) may be requested from the
Center for Cryptologic History via email at
[email protected].
Available online:
Cryptologic Almanac |
Cryptologic History News |
Historical Publications |
History of the Insignia |
Pre-1952 Historical Timeline |
Cryptologic Heritage |
National Cryptologic Museum
Elonka's List of Famous Unsolved Codes and
Ciphers This is an unofficial
list of well-known unsolved codes and ciphers. A couple of the better-known
unsolved ancient historical scripts are also thrown in, since they tend to
come up during any discussion of unsolved codes. There has also been an
attempt to sort this list by "fame", as defined by a loose formula involving
the number of times that a particular cipher has been written about, and/or
how many hits it pulls up on a moderately-sorted web search...
Downloadable Classical Cryptography Course by Lanaki.
The Dancing Bear - A New Way of Composing Ciphers presents a new way to
combine crypto primitives. Previously, to decrypt using any three out of
five keys, the keys all had to be of the same type (such as RSA keys). With
my new construction, you can mix and match - RSA, AES, even one-time pad.
The paper appeared at the 2004 Protocols Workshop; an earlier version came
out at the
FSE 2004 rump session. [Link recovered
5/11/11]
The Universal Language of the Plains by Bob Campbell The babel of the
Indian was conquered by simple sign or hand language. Traders, explorers,
and scouts found it useful in their contact with the many tribes. It was not
as simple or literal as charades, however, and had to be learned. But, once
learned, it was very beneficial. [Link recovered 5/11/11]
An article by Pete Azzole on
breaking the Enigma.
Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II A series of articles
with an Enigma Bibliography of links, articles, books, motion pictures and
videos.
Software Simulators of Enigma
Many Enigma Simulators found on
the Internet, with the exception of the simulators from the CSG, will
produce different results from a real Enigma device. The RISC OS version
however, was tested against actual wartime messages and has been proven to
work correctly. The software can be useful for both educational purposes and
personal interest.
A
Finite State Machine tutorial from Mathmania,
the University of Victoria, British Columbia.
See also:
Finite State Machines (FSM) and
A Finite State Machine Framework
Description of the Turing Machine from The
Alan Turing Home Page
FOLDOC, the Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing.
Downloadable software that simulates a Turing
Machine written by
Why Cryptography is harder than it looks...
An essay by Bruce Schneier, author of Applied Cryptography.
The Army Field Manual 34-40-2
(.zip files) &
Army Field Manual 34-54 (.pdf file)
Cipher Solvers and Encrypting/Decrypting Programs
A whole library of programs to download and play with! Have fun - you'll be
here awhile!
Semiotics' (shareware) Simp. Sub. Sol.
Do you enjoy cryptograms in the newspaper or in puzzle books? Now CRYPTO
'97 puts the fun of solving cryptograms on your PC!
Word Lists
Including pattern lists and software. See also Wart's dictionary in Solvers
above. Includes many foreign language lists, as well.
Pedro's Dictionaries An interesting collection of links to
useful dictionaries. Unfortunately, a good number of the links are
incorrect. [Link recovered 5/11/11]
A Superb Web of Online Dictionaries can be found here, but
it's not the easiest place to find what you're looking for. Everything here
works, tho.
Cryptography and Computer Security
- research-consultancy-development and educational activities of the
Cryptography and Computer Security Service.
Cryptography and Liberty -
Cryptography.com - run by Paul Kocher and provides
information about cryptography research and commercial products.
Usenet - talk.politics.crypto
–
TSCM.COM - Counterintelligence and Technical Security WWW Page
Founded in 1987 and located near Boston Massachusetts, Granite Island Group,
is the internationally recognized leader in the field of Electronics
Engineering, Technical Surveillance Counter Measures (TSCM), Bug Sweeps,
Wiretap Detection, Surveillance Technology, Communications Security (COMSEC),
Counter-Intelligence, Technical Security, and Spy Hunting. Granite Island
Group provides expert technical, analytical and research capability for the
detection, nullification, and isolation of eavesdropping devices, technical
surveillance penetrations, technical surveillance hazards, and physical
security weaknesses.
PGP User's Guide - Volume I: Essential Topics
PGP combines the convenience of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) public key
cryptosystem with the speed of conventional cryptography, message digests
for digital signatures, data compression before encryption, good ergonomic
design, and sophisticated key management. And PGP performs the public-key
functions faster than most other software implementations. PGP is public key
cryptography for the masses.
"PGP User's Guide,
Volume II: Special Topics". Distributed by the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. [Links recovered 5/11/11]
Installing PGP for RPM's Use To use RPM's PGP-related
capabilities, you'll need to have PGP installed on your system. If it's
installed already, you should be able to flip to the chapters on verifying
package signatures and signing packages and be in business in a matter of
minutes. Otherwise, read on for a thumbnail sketch of what's required to
install PGP.
Tom McCune's PGP Questions & Answers My primary intention is to
bridge the gap between existing PGP
FAQs and the use of
Windows versions of PGP. I urge you to use the very informative PGP manuals
(User's Guide and
Intro to Crypto) as your primary source of PGP information; some
frequently asked questions are not answered here because they are covered so
well in the manuals. I present this as an avid user - my only related
professional qualification to do so, is as a mental health professional;
which permits me to assure you that interest in personal privacy (and
therefore the need for encryption) is probably a sign of good mental health,
rather than the paranoia we like to tease each other about. The only other
assurance offered is that I believe in the facts and opinions presented
here. If your question isn't answered either here or in the manual, I
recommend asking the PGP-Users
Mailing List - its membership includes both beginners and experts,
including very helpful PGP officials. Also consider
PGP Online Support and
PGP Forum. I welcome any and
all constructive criticism as to content and accuracy.
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