~ North American History 1900-1950 AD ~
The burgeoning Nation experiences wars, industrial revolutions, droughts and depressions. New technologies are developed at a frightening pace and the bankers, and industrialists - in league with the lobbyists and politicians - twist the beloved U.S. Constitution beyond recognition.
Intuition ~ Creativity ~ Adaptability
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1901 German physicist Christian Helsmeyer discovers that radio echoes can prevent collisions. (Imaging)

1901 Samuel Pierpont Langley builds a gasoline-powered version of his tandem-winged model, the first to propel an aircraft, and launches large unmanned steam-powered models on many successful flights. (Airplane)

1901 Ransom E. Olds originates mass production techniques. (Automobile)

1901 British designer Frederick William Lanchester patents disc brakes. (Automobile)

1901 Frederick Simms invents first car fender, based on railway engine buffers. (Automobile)

1901 Marconi's "wireless" telegraph sends a signal in Morse code a distance of 2,000 miles. (Radio and Television)

1901 McKinley Assassinated - (9/14/01) While attending the Pan American Exposition, President McKinley was shot by an anarchist. The anarchist, whose name was Leon Czolgosz, was protected by police from a mob who wished to lynch him. President McKinley died eight days later.

1901 Cuba Becomes US Protectorate - (6/12/01) Cuba had been occupied since the US victory in the Spanish-American War. On June 12th, the Cuban Constitutional Convention adopted a resolution that prohibited Cuba from entering into any agreement that would limit its independence. The amendment also stated that, if Cuban independence were threatened, the US would intervene.

1901 Mosquitoes Cause Yellow Fever - The US Yellow Fever Commission presented compelling evidence that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes.

1901: Shaving King Camp Gillette, former traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, takes the risk out of shaving with his new double-edged safety razor. By the end of 1904, he will have sold 90,000 razors and 12,400,000 blades, but he will die in 1932 with his dream of a utopian society organized by engineers unrealized.

William McKinley, Second Inaugural (1901) The Freedman's Bureau. part 1, by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois [from The Atlantic, March 1901] The Freedman's Bureau. part 2, by W. E. Burghardt Du Bois [from The Atlantic, March 1901]

1902: Air Conditioning Working as an engineer at the Buffalo Forge Company, Willis H. Carrier designs the first system to control temperature and humidity. He will go on to found his own company, the Carrier Corporation, to produce air-conditioning equipment.

1902 - Panama Canal Act

1902 Willis Haviland Carrier designs a humidity control process and pioneers modern air conditioning. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1902- Rural free delivery, permanently established by US Postal Service.

1903: Airplane At Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright break the powered flight barrier with their gasoline-powered "Flyer I." The first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight in history lasts 12 seconds. Wilbur pilots the machine. On a flight later that day, Orville will remain aloft 59 seconds and travel 852 feet.

1903 - Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations; February 23

1903 - Convention with Panama for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18

WORDS to One Big Industrial Union by G. G. Allen  [Melody - "Marching Through Georgia", Seq. by Werner Tomaschewski]

Bring the good old red book, boys,
We'll sing another song.
Sing it to the wage slave
Who has not yet joined the throng
Of the revolution that
Will sweep the world along,
To One Big Industrial Union.
Chorus:
Hooray! Hooray! The truth will make you free.
Hooray! Hooray! When will you workers see?
The only way you'll gain your economic liberty,
Is One Big Industrial Union.

2. How the masters holler when
They hear the dreadful sound
Of sabotage and direct action
Spread the world around;
They's getting ready to vamoose
With ears close to the ground,
From One Big Industrial Union.
Chorus:

3. Now the harvest String Trust
They would move to Germany.
The Silk Bosses of Paterson,
They also want to flee
From strikes and labor troubles,
But they cannot get away
From One Big Industrial Union.
Chorus:

4. You migratory workers
Of the common labor clan,
We' sing to you to join
And be a fighting Union Man;
You must emancipate yourself,
You proletarian,
With One Big Industrial Union.
Chorus:
Hooray! Hooray! Let's set the wage slave free.
Hooray! Hooray! With every victory
We'll hum the workers' anthem till you finally must be
In One Big Industrial Union.

1903 Charles Curtis, steam turbine generator. (Electrification)

1903 William Le Roy Emmet, steam turbine. (Electrification)

1903 The Wright Brothers Flyer makes the first successful manned and powered flight. (Airplane)

1903 Willem Einthoven, Dutch physiologist, develops electrocardiograph. (Health Technologies)

1903 First Messages Sent over Pacific Cable - (7/4/03) President Theodore Roosevelt sent the first message across the Pacific Cable. The message connected San Francisco and Manila.

1903 Helium Discovered-Helium, which occurs only very rarely in nature, was discovered in Daxter, Kansas.

1903 "Wright Flyer" Flies -(12/17/03) On December 17th, man's first flight in a heavier-than-air vehicle occured in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The inventors were Orville and Wilbur Wright. In the first flight, the plane flew for 12 seconds for 120 feet.

1904 Benjamin Holt develops the gas-powered tractor. (Agricultural Mechanization)

1904 Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube and diode. (Electronics)

1904 Sir John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube and diode. (Radio and Television)

Theodore Roosevelt's Inaugural address, 1905

1905 J. B. Davidson, the "father of agricultural engineering," develops first professional agricultural curriculum at Iowa State University. (Agricultural Mechanization)

1905 Albert Marsh patents alloy of nickel and chromium, Nichrome, making electric toasters possible.

1905 Einstein's theory of special relativity. (Nuclear Technologies)

1906 - Naturalization Act– June 29

1906 Rolls and Royce form company. (Automobile)

1906 Lee De Forest develops the triode. (Electronics)

1907 - Prohibition Of Campaign Contributions by Corporations, January 26

1907 - Theodore Roosevelt, The Conservation of Natural Resources December 3 1907 Henry Ford built his first experimental tractor (Agricultural Mechanization)

1907 First overseas sale of a Carrier system was made to a silk mill in Yokohama, Japan. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1907 Leo Baekeland made first totally synthetic plastic called Bakelite. (High-performance Materials)

1908: Model T Car maker Henry Ford introduces his Model T automobile. By 1927, when it is discontinued, 15.5 million Models T's will be sold in the U.S. Ford owes much of his success to his improved assembly line process, which by 1913 will produce a complete Model T every 93 minutes.

1908 - Declaration of the Conservation Conference of Governors, May 15

1908 Henry Ford begins mass production of the Model T. (Automobile)

1908 William Durant forms General Motors, forerunner of modern automotive plants. (Automobile)

1908 Henry Ford adds conveyor belt to improve mass production system for Model T. (Automobile)

1908 First U.S. patent for vacuum cleaner, James W. Spangler. (Household Appliances)

William H. Taft's Inaugural address, 1909 1909 First successful electric toaster was produced. (Household Appliances)

1909 Development of high-speed universal motor for vacuum cleaners. (Household Appliances)

1910 Cellophane invented by Swiss chemist Jacques Brandenberger. (High-performance Materials)

1911: Self Starter Charles F. Kettering, who developed the electric cash register while working at National Cash Register, sells his electric automobile starters to the Cadillac company. This device increases the popularity of the gasoline-powered car, which no longer needs to be started with a hand crank. 1911 - STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW JERSEY V. UNITED STATES, 221 U.S. 1 [landmark anti-trust decision] 1911 Case's steam-engine production peaked when the company also produced its first gasoline-powered tractor (Agricultural Mechanization)

1911 Charles Kettering invents the electric starter. (Automobile)

1911 Synchronized transmission for easier gear shifting, improved carburetors, heaters, and mechanically operated windshield wipers. (Automobile)

1911 Interchangeable parts are introduced by Henry M. Leland. (Automobile)

1911 Carrier presents his paper "Rational Psychometric Formulae" to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and thereby forms the basis of modern air-conditioning. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1911 US Postal Service establishes Postal savings system and the carriage of mail by airplane sanctioned between Garden City and Mineola, NY; Earle H. Ovington, first U. S. mail pilot


1912 Edwin Howard Armstrong devised one of the first effective amplitude modulation (AM) radio receivers. (Radio and Television)

1912- Village delivery established by US Postal Service

Woodrow Wilson

1913 - Kansas Penitentiary

1913 Kansas legislature approves censorship of motion pictures (March)

1913 - Woodrow Wilson, Monopoly or Opportunity? "... I have been told by a great many men that the idea I have, that by restoring competition you can restore industrial freedom, is based upon a failure to observe the actual happenings of the last decades in this country; because, they say, it is just free competition that has made it possible for the big to crush the little. I reply, it is not free competition that has done that; it is illicit competition. It is competition of the kind that the law ought to stop, and can stop,-this crushing of the little man..." 1913 - The Ludlow Massacre Song lyrics by Woody Guthrie. 1913 - Federal Reserve Act December 23 An Act To provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes. The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, was founded by Congress in 1913 "to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system." The Federal Reserve System, also known as the Fed, is the central bank of the United States. It was created by the Congress with the passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a central, governmental agency--the Board of Governors--in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation. Amendment XVI [Income Tax (1913)] The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration. Amendment XVII [Election of Senators (1913) The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures.

1913- US Postal Service establishes Parcel post, postal Insurance, and Collect-on-delivery services

1913 Los Angeles city engineer William Mulholland opens the Owens River Aqueduct. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1913 "Hot cathode" X-ray tube, W. D. Coolidge. (Imaging)

1913 First refrigerator for home use. (Household Appliances)

1913 Thermal cracking introduced. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1914: Panama Canal After 36 years' labor, the bankruptcy of thousands of investors, and the deaths of more than 25,000 men, the Panama Canal is finished. The canal cuts the sailing distance from the East Coast to the West Coast by more than 8,000 miles. 1914 - President Wilson's Message to Congress Concerning the Tampico Incident, April 20 President 1914 - Wilson's Declaration of Neutrality , 19 August 1914 - Establishment of the Federal Trade Commission, September 26 1914 - Clayton Anti-Trust Act October 15, June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevo. February 4, 1915 Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate target. August 30, 1915 Germany responds to U.S. anger by ceasing to sink ships without warning. February 1, 1917 Germany again declares unrestricted submarine warfare. April 6, 1917 The United States declares war on Germany. U.S. troops arrive on the battlefields of Europe, where new technologies have created the bloodiest conflict in history. Armored tanks, machine guns, poisonous gas, submarines and airplanes will force military commanders to rethink traditional strategies of war.

1914-15 Square Kelly rotary rig introduced. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1914 Underground cables link Boston, New York, and Washington (Telephone)

1914 Clarence Birdseye pioneers the freezing of fish for later defrosting and cooking. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1914- US Postal Service establishes government-owned and -operated vehicle service

Conwell, Russell Herman: Acres of Diamonds 1915

1915 - Kate Richards O'Hare, I Denounce, March [from the The National Rip-Saw]

1915 - Felix Adler, The World Crisis and Its Meaning 1915 Fenno-Ronning invents the corn silage harvester (Agricultural Mechanization)

1915 Abel Wolman joins the Maryland Department of Health, where he later perfects a formula for purifying water with chlorine. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1915 Boston engineers Leonard Metcalf and Harrison P. Eddy publish American Sewerage Practice, a standard reference for decades (Water Supply and Distribution)

1915 A. B. Wood invents low-lift screw pump to rid New Orleans of drainage problems (Water Supply and Distribution)

1915 Cadillac introduces the V-8 engine. (Automobile)

1915 Vacuum tube amplifiers used for the first time in coast-to-coast telephone circuits (Telephone)

1915 Carrier Corp. is founded under the name Carrier Engineering. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1915 Robert Goddard proves validity of rocket propulsion principles in a vacuum. (Spacecraft)

1915 French professor P. Langevin develops sonar. (Imaging)

1916 - WORDS to The Roses of Picardy [a famous war-time ballad]

1916 - Houston Railway vs. United States [Challenge to Congress' power to control interstate commerce] 1916 Dodge mass-produces first car body made entirely of steel. (Automobile)

1916 Ford Motor Company began production of the Fordson tractor (Agricultural Mechanization)

1916- Postal Inspectors solve last known stagecoach robbery

1917 - William F. Cody, Life and Adventures of "Buffalo Bill"

1917 - Woodrow Wilson, Second Inaugural Address

1917 - Declaration Of War Against Germany– April 6 1917 - Socialists Denounce U.S. Entry Into War. from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 12

1917 Albert Einstein establishes stimulated emission. (Laser and Fiber Optics)

1918 - Liberty Defense Union Letter. July 31

President 1918 - Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, 8 January

1918 - Railway Control Act- March 21

1918 - The Espionage Act, June 15

World War I Document Archive

Words to "Caissons Go Rolling Along" and music [the song of the United States Field Artillery]

1918 Catskill Aqueduct completed; supplies water for New York City. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1918 First large-scale wastewater treatment plant to use activated sludge method built in Houston. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1918- US Postal Service establishes Airmail service

1919: Hydrofoil Alexander Graham Bell's "Hydrodome IV" sets a world record of 70 mph for water travel. The boat weighs over 10,000 pounds and uses underwater fins to raise the hull of the boat and decrease drag between the hull and the water. 1919 June: The Versailles Treaty - Complete Text

Justice Holmes Delivers the Majority Opinion in Schenk v. United States (1919) [Limitation of Freedom of Speech]

League of Nations Treaty 1919 - Senator William E. Borah- Speech On The League Of Nations Nov. 19

Amendment XVIII

[Prohibition (1919)] the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Repealed 1933 1919 The Hispano-Suiza H6B demonstrates first single foot pedal to operate first coupled four-wheel brakes. (Automobile)

1919 Dussenberg demonstrates first use of hydraulic brake fluid as a link between pedal and mechanism. (Automobile)

1919 Eureka produces 2,000 vacuums a day due to improved mass production techniques. (Household Appliances)

1919 Charles Strite invents first pop-up toaster. (Household Appliances)

Hitler Joins German Workers' Party - September 1919

1920: KDKA The first regular commercial radio broadcasts begin when AM station KDKA of Pittsburgh delivers results of the Harding-Cox election to its listeners. Radio experiences immediate success; by the end of 1922, 563 other licensed stations will join KDKA.

Nazi Party is Formed - February 1920

1920 - Transportation Act- Feb. 28 [Ended Federal Control of Railroads established under the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887]

Missouri vs. Holland [Upheld the Migratory Fowl Act] 1920 - Budget Act, June 10 [Established Modern System of Setting the Federal Budget] 1920 - Volstead Act

Amendment XIX

[Women's Right to Vote (1920) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. 1920s Safety standards for electric outlets and plugs revise housing codes. (Household Appliances)

1920s Carrier introduces small air-conditioning units for small businesses and residences.

1920s Charles L. Edgar designs the first high-pressure steam plant. (Electrification)

1920-29 Liquid fuels created by synthesizing hydrocarbons; Fischer and Tropsch. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1920 AT&T develops the time domain multiplexing concept (Telephone)

1920 The first modern commercial radio station, KDKA in Pittsburgh, begins broadcasting. (Radio and Television)

1920 Coal begins to suffer from cheap oil and natural gas prices. Gas Regulation Act introduces sale of gas by BTU. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1920- US Postal Service establishes Metered postage and conducts the First transcontinental airmail flights

1921: Wire photo The first electronically-transmitted photograph is sent by Western Union. The idea for a facsimile transmission was first proposed by Scottish clockmaker Alexander Bain in 1843.

Warren G. Harding's Inaugural address, 1921

1921 - Duplex Printing vs. Deering [Denied the Right of General Boycott]

Race Riot in Tulsa, 31 May - 1 June, 1921

Hitler Named Leader of Nazi Party - July 1921

1921 Ethyl gasoline introduced; Charles Kettering, Thomas Midgley Jr., T.A. Boyd. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1922 Carrier develops the centrifugal refrigeration machine. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

 

1923

1924: Execution In an effort to make capital punishment more humane, the State of Nevada introduces death by gas chamber. Convicted murderer Gee John takes 6 minutes to die.

1924 American Petroleum Association commences standardization of oilfield equipment and material. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1924 Bubble-cap fractionating tower for petroleum refining developed. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1924 Aminoplastic (first pale colored plastic). (High-performance Materials)

1924- Regular transcontinental airmail service offered by US Postal Service

Calvin Coolidge's Inaugural address, 1925 League of Nations. Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery September 26, 1925 1925 John Baird succeeds in transmitting a recognizable image. (Radio and Television)

1925 Benjamin Holt merges with Best Tractor to form Caterpillar Tractor Company (Agricultural Mechanization)

1925 Clarence Birdseye and Charles Seabrook develop a deep-freezing process for cooked foods that Birdseye patents in 1926 (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1926: Rocket Robert H. Goddard, Professor of Physics at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, makes the first successful launch of the first liquid-fueled rocket at his aunt Effie's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts. The rocket reaches 41 ft. in altitude. 1926 General Electric introduces refrigerator with hermetically sealed compressor. (Household Appliances)

1926 Francis Wright Davis installs first power steering system in the Pierce-Arrow (Automobile)

1926 Charles Jenkins set up the first intercity television transmission in the United States by wire. (Radio and Television)

1926 Bergius begins single-stage process for liquefaction and coal hydrogenation for motor fuel in Germany. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1926 Synthetic rubber. (High-performance Materials)

1927: Television Philo Farnsworth demonstrates the first television for potential investors by broadcasting the image of a dollar sign. Farnsworth receives backing and applies for a patent, but ongoing patent battles with RCA will prevent Farnsworth from earning his share of the million-dollar industry his invention will create. 1927 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). (High-performance Materials)

1927 Iron lung developed by Phillip Drinker. (Health Technologies)

1927 John W. Hammes patents garbage disposal. (Household Appliances)

1927 Ford introduces the 3-geared Model A. (Automobile)

1927 Single-core paper-insulated cables designed to carry 132,000 volts are laid in the United States. (Electrification)

1927 Charles Lindbergh becomes first person to cross the Atlantic solo and nonstop. (Airplane)

1927 Radioactive tracers, de Hevesy. (Imaging)

1927 General Electric introduces a refrigerator with a "monitor top" containing a hermetically sealed compressor. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact; August 27 [renunciation of war as a tool of national policy] 1928 Color television. (Radio and Television)

1928 Submersible drilling barge patented by Louis Giliasso. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1929: Frozen Food Clarence Birdseye offers his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods. Herbert C. Hoover's Inaugural address, 1929 1929 Cooperative Fuel Research Engine, Waukesha, Wisconsin, measures detonation, or knock limit, of a given fuel, determines octane rating, and becomes the standard test engine of the industry. (Automobile)

1929 U.S. electric refrigerator sales top 800,000, and the average price of a refrigerator falls to $292. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1929 Cost of U.S. electric refrigerator $292, down from $600 in 1920. (Household Appliances)

Oct 29, 1929 - Stock Market on Wall Street crashes.

1930s Need for a U.S. interstate highway system recognized. (Highways)

1930s Air conditioners are placed in railroad cars transporting food and other perishable goods. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1930s Engineers develop new molding and extrusion techniques for plastics. (High-performance Materials)

1930 Polystyrene (High-performance Materials)

1930 Vladimir Zworykin of RCA devises superior television camera. (Radio and Television)

1930 AT&T introduces higher-quality insulated wire. (Telephone)

1930 Rotating anode X-ray tube. (Imaging)

1931: Radio Astronomy While trying to track down a source of electrical interference on telephone transmissions, Karl Guthe Jansky of Bell Telephone Laboratories discovers radio waves emanating from stars in outer space. 1931 GM's Frigidaire division adopts Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) refrigerant gas, invented by Thomas Midgley of Ethyl Corp. and Charles Kettering of GM. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1931 Birds Eye Frosted Foods go on sale across the U.S. as General Foods expands distribution. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1931 U.S. refrigerator production tops one million units. (Household Appliances)

1932: Defibrillator Working at the research facilities at Johns Hopkins University, Dr. William Bennett Kouwenhoven develops a device for jump-starting the heart with a burst of electricity. Hitler Runs for President - 1932 1932 English physicist and Nobel laureate James Chadwick discovers the neutron. (Nuclear Technologies)

1932 Atom split by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. (Nuclear Technologies)

1932 Electric dishwasher. (Household Appliances)

1932 Construction begins on Hoover Dam (Electrification)

1932 Wernher von Braun begins experimenting with rocket engines for his doctoral dissertation. (Spacecraft)

1932 First well from an independent platform drilled off the West Coast. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1932 Submersible drilling barge designed for swamp oil by Texas Company. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

Hitler Named Chancellor of Germany - January 30, 1933

The Reichstag Burns - February 27, 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Inaugural (text) (and Real Audio Speech)

1933- Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Bank Crisis" Sunday, March 12 1933 - Franklin D. Roosevelt. First Inaugural [Audio - RealPlayer] Hitler Becomes Dictator of Germany - March 23, 1933 1933 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Outlining the New Deal Program," Sunday, May 7 1933- Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Purposes and Foundations of the Recovery Program," Monday, July 24 "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" Oct 14, 1933 - Germany quits the League of Nations. 1933 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Currency Situation," Sunday, October 22 Amendment XX [Presidential Term and Succession (1933)]  Amendment XXI [Repeal of Prohibition (1933)]

1933 First controlled direction drilling of oil wells developed at Huntington Beach. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1933 Tennessee Valley Authority is established. (Electrification)

1933 Edwin Howard Armstrong invents frequency modulation (FM). (Radio and Television)

1933 Russia's first liquid-fueled rocket is launched. (Spacecraft)

1933 Polyethelene (High-performance Materials)

1933 First continuous casting of steel, S. Junghaus, Germany (machine is prototype for future industrial-scale steel plants). (High-performance Materials)

1934: Turkish President Kemel Atatürk tells visiting American General Douglas MacArthur that a war would start in Europe around 1940. Germany would dominate the continent except for Britain and Russia, and the Soviets would emerge after the war as the main beneficiary.

1934 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Review of the Achievements of the Seventy-third Congress," Thursday, June 28

1934 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security," Sunday, September 30 1934 Chrysler Airflow becomes the first mass-produced streamlined car. (Automobile)

1934 Chrysler adds fifth gear (overdrive). (Automobile)

1934 First coiled-coil electric light bulb is introduced; increases the amount of light radiated. (Electrification)

1934 Electronic hearing aid invented (Electronics)

1934 Von Braun built his first successful rocket, the A-2. (Spacecraft)

March 16, 1935 - Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by introducing military conscription. 1935 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: ""On the Works Relief Program," Sunday, April 28 1935 - A. L. A. SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP. V. UNITED STATES, 295 U.S. 495 [The "sick chicken" case that ended the governments power to act through the national Recovery Act (NRA)] 1935 Agronomists Frank Duley and Jouette Russel conduct the first research on conservation tillage using the sweep plow (Agricultural Mechanization)

1935 Harry Ferguson develops the hydraulic draft control system for agricultural tractors, greatly improving the operator's ability to control implements, a system that is adopted worldwide (Agricultural Mechanization)

1935 FDR issues executive order to create the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), which formed cooperatives that brought electricity to millions of rural Americans. (Electrification)

1935 Hoover Dam construction completed. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1935 First telephone call around the world. (Telephone)

1935 Clothes dryer, Ross Moore. (Household Appliances)

1936- Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Drought Conditions," Sunday, September 6 1936 Neville Chamberlain: Peace in Our Time 1936 Catalytic cracking introduced. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1936 German Focke-Achgelis Fa-61 rotary-winged aircraft demonstrated. (Airplane)

1936 Plexiglass. (High-performance Materials)

1937: Chair Lift Skiers no longer have to climb hills to enjoy their sport. Engineers from the Union Pacific Railroad build a chair lift for the Dollar Mountain resort in Sun Valley, Idaho. Dollar Mountain follows with an order for six more.

1937 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Second Inaugural (text) with link to mp3 audio.

1937 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Reorganization of the Judiciary,"Tuesday, March 9 text 1937 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Reorganization of the Judiciary [Audio - RealPlayer] 1937 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Legislation to be Recommended to the Extraordinary Session of the Congress," Tuesday, October 12 1937 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Quarantine" Speech, October 1937 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Unemployment Census," Sunday, November 14, 1937 Sir Frank Whittle in England and Hans von Ohain in Germany construct the first turbojet propulsion engines. (Airplane)

1937 Construction begins on Delaware Aqueduct to supply New York City; completed in 1962. (Water Supply and Distribution)

1937 Air conditioning is first used for mining in the Magma Copper Mine in Superior, Arizona. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1937 Electron microscope. (Imaging)

1937 Hand-held vacuum. (Household Appliances)

1937 Westinghouse builds 5-million volt Van de Graff generator ("atom smasher"). (Nuclear Technologies)

1938: Nylon A team of researchers working under Wallace H. Carothers at E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company invents a plastic that can be drawn into strong, silk-like fibers. Nylon will soon become popular as a fabric for hosiery as well as industrial applications such as cordage.

1938 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Economic Conditions," Thursday, April 14

Sept 30, 1938 - British Prime Minister Chamberlain appeases Hitler at Munich.

1938 Fiberglass (High-performance Materials)

1938 Window air conditioner marketed by Philco-York. (Air Conditioning and Refrigeration)

1938 Federal-Aid Highway Act calls for superhighway feasibility study. (Highways)

1938 Teflon discovered by Roy Plunkett. (High-performance Materials)

1938 Foam glass insulating material. (High-performance Materials)

April 15, 1939 American President Franklin Roosevelt outlines a peace proposal for Europe to Germany and Italy. June 1939 US Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William Leahy tentatively agrees with the British naval attaché to co-operate in Atlantic Ocean antisubmarine warfare in the event of war. September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland. United States President Franklin Roosevelt sends an appeal to Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, urging them to refrain from aerial bombing of unfortified cities or civilian populations. September 5, 1939 American President Franklin Roosevelt asks Canadian Prime Minister William King if Canada is at war. King replies "no", which is a relief to Roosevelt, as the United States is sending war supplies to Canada. Under the American Neutrality Act, it cannot send supplies directly to countries at war. That afternoon Roosevelt issues a declaration of U.S. neutrality. September 8, 1939 Roosevelt declares a limited national emergency, issuing orders to substantially increase the army, navy, marine corps, and National Guard. October 1939 Albert Einstein signs a letter written to US President Franklin Roosevelt urging research into the military use of atomic energy. Roosevelt supports the idea. November 4, 1939 Congress amends the 1937 Neutrality Act to permit the British and French to buy American arms for cash if they provide the transport. 

1939: Digital Computer John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry of Iowa State College complete the prototype of the first digital computer. It can store data and perform addition and subtractions using binary code. The next generation of the machine will be abandoned before it is completed due to the onset of World War II. In 1973 a judge in a patent infringement suit would rule that this research was the idea source for the modern computer.

March 15/16, 1939 - Nazis take Czechoslovakia.

1939 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On National Defense," Sunday, May 26

1939 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Party Primaries.," Friday, June 24 Sept 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland.

Sept 3, 1939 - Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand declare war on Germany. 1939 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the European War," Sunday, September 3 Sept 5, 1939 - United States proclaims neutrality; German troops cross the Vistula River in Poland.

Sept 10, 1939 - Canada declares war on Germany; Battle of the Atlantic begins. 1939 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On National Security," Sunday, September 29 Nov 30, 1939 - Soviets attack Finland.

Dec 14, 1939 - Soviet Union expelled from the League of Nations. 1939 Plastic contact lens. (High-performance Materials)

1939 Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassman, Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch demonstrate fission. (Nuclear Technologies)

1939-45 Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb. (Nuclear Technologies)

1939 The Heinkel He-178 experimental aircraft, powered by Hans von Ohain's centrifugal-flow HeS-3b engine, makes the world's first turbo-jet powered flight. (Airplane)

1939 Igor Sikorsky invents the VS-300 helicopter, the first single-rotor helicopter. (Airplane)

1939 Western Union introduces coast-to-coast fax service. (Telephone)

1939 The first air-conditioned automobile is engineered by Packard.

1939 Henry Boot and John Randall develop resonant-cavity magnetron. (Imaging)

1939 Oil rigs now made of steel structures. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1940: Jeep Karl K. Pabst of the Bantam Car. Co., Butler, Pennsylvania, produces a four-wheel drive vehicle that will become famous as the jeep. Given its name by its military designation, G.P., or general purpose, the jeep will be used for numerous transport applications throughout World War II, and will become a popular domestic vehicle after the war.

April 9, 1940 - Nazis invade Denmark and Norway.

April 30, 1940 In a letter to the New York Times, Samuel Harden Church, president of the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, offers a US$1 million cash reward for the safe capture of Adolf Hitler. 

May 10, 1940 - Nazis invade France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; Winston Churchill becomes British Prime Minister.

May 1940 Roosevelt shifts the US Pacific Fleet from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, then asks Congress for US$285 million for defense spending. 

June 10 1940 Italy declares war on England and France. Roosevelt gives a speech at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. In the speech he condemns Italy for striking "a dagger into the back of its neighbor". 

July 10 1940 Roosevelt asks Congress for US$4.8 billion for military spending. 

July 23, 1940 - Soviets take Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

August 1940 In Canada, in a lecture to the Vancouver Institute, University of British Columbia professor Henry Angus says Japan's entry to the war is certain, and will probably be a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor or some other American base. Canada's Prime Minister William King and American President Franklin Roosevelt meet at Ogdensburg, New York, and sign a formal document establishing a Canadian- U.S. permanent joint defense board. 

September 3 1940 The Anglo-American Lend-Lease agreement is signed. Fifty old American destroyers will be traded for bases in Newfoundland and the West Indies. Later that month (9/16) Congress authorizes nationwide conscription. 

Sept 16, 1940 - United States military conscription bill passed.

September 26 1940 US President Franklin Roosevelt imposes an embargo on the export of aviation fuel, scrap iron, and steel to Japan, citing American defense needs. The next day, in Berlin, Japanese premier Prince Konoye and Italian and German officials sign the Tripartite Pact defensive alliance. Each nation pledges mutual support in the event of attack by a power not presently involved in the European or Sino-Japanese conflict. The intent is to keep the United States out of the war. 

Sept 27, 1940 - Tripartite (Axis) Pact signed by Germany, Italy and Japan.

Oct 7, 1940 - German troops enter Romania.

Oct 28, 1940 - Italy invades Greece.

Nov 5, 1940 - Roosevelt re-elected as U.S. president.

December 17 1940 American President Franklin Roosevelt announces he is determined to maintain Britain as the nation's first line of defense, and proposes the country lend Britain any material it requires. 

December 29 1940 Roosevelt gives a national radio address, suggesting that the US become "the arsenal of democracy". 

1940 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Arsenal of Democracy, 29 December 1940

1940 Underwater drilling in Gulf of Mexico begins. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1940s Arthur Farrall becomes a leader in the food processing industry, especially in dairy equipment manufacturing, and authors several foundation texts in processing (Agricultural Mechanization)

1940 Konrad Zuse in Germany develops the first programmable calculator using binary numbers and Boolean logic. His program runs on a paper tape. (Computers)

1940 Self-tying hay baler (Agricultural Mechanization)

1940 Pennsylvania Turnpike opens (Highways)

1940 Radar development begins. (Imaging)

1941 - FDR's Four Freedoms Speech, 6 January 1941 1941 - US Lend Lease Act, March 11 April 6, 1941 - Nazis invade Greece and Yugoslavia. 1941 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Announcing Unlimited National Emergency," Tuesday, May 27 June 14, 1941 United States freezes German and Italian assets in America. 

June 22, 1941 - Germany attacks Soviet Union as Operation Barbarossa begins.

July 26, 1941 Roosevelt freezes Japanese assets in United States and suspends relations. 

August 1, 1941 United States announces an oil embargo against aggressor states. 

1941 - The Atlantic Conference - August 9-12: Documents August 14, 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill announce the Atlantic Charter. see also 1941 - Atlantic Charter, August and The Atlantic Charter 1941, August 14

1941 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Maintaining Freedom of the Seas," Thursday, September 11 December 7, 1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. 

1941 - President Roosevelt asks Congress to declare war on Japan, 8 December [Audio - RealPlayer] 1941 - Day of Infamy Speech, 8 December (text) December 8, 1941 United States and Britain declare war on Japan. 

1941 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Declaration of War with Japan," Tuesday, Dec 9

Dec 11, 1941 - Germany declares war on the United States.

1941 - Declaration of War on Germany, Dec. 11

1941 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Third Inaugural with link to audio.

The Reuben James, Words and Music and history of the first United States Navy ship sunk by hostile action in World War II and the first named for Boatswain's Mate Reuben James (c.1776–1838), who distinguished himself fighting in the Barbary Wars.

1941 National Interregional Highway Committee appointed by President Roosevelt (Highways)

1942: Atomic Reaction A team working under Italian refugee Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago produces the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. This experiment and others will result in the development of the atomic bomb.

January 1, 1942 - Declaration of the United Nations signed by 26 Allied nations. 

January 13, 1942 - Germans begin a U-boat offensive along east coast of USA. 

1942 - Address by Sumner Welles, Under Secretary of State at the Third Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, Jan. 24

Jan 26, 1942 - First American forces arrive in Great Britain. 

1942 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Progress of the War," Monday, February 23 1942 - Master Lend-Lease Agreement, February 23 1942 - Anglo-American Mutual Aid Agreement : February 28 In April 1942- Japanese-Americans sent to relocation centers.  

1942 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Our National Economic Policy," Tuesday, April 28 1942 - Mutual Aid Agreement Between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics : June 11 June 25, 1942 - Eisenhower arrives in London. 

August 17, 1942 - First all-American air attack in Europe. 

1942 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Inflation and Progress of the War," Monday, September 7 November 8, 1942 - Operation Torch begins (U.S. invasion of North Africa).

1942 Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River is completed. (Electrification)

1942 There were 800 rural electric cooperatives with 350,000 miles of lines (Electrification)

1942 Von Braun achieves the first successful launching of a V-2 rocket. (Spacecraft)

1942 Demonstration of the detection of ships from the air. (Imaging)

1942 Fine-powder fluid-bed production of ingredients for 100-octane aviation gasoline. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

January 14-24, 1943 - Casablanca conference between Churchill and Roosevelt. During the conference, Roosevelt announces the war can end only with an unconditional German surrender. January 27, 1943 - First bombing raid by Americans on Germany (at Wilhelmshaven). February 14-25, 1943 - Battle of Kasserine Pass between the U.S. 1st Armored Division and German Panzers in North Africa. July 22, 1943 - Americans capture Palermo, Sicily. August 17, 1943 - American daylight air raids on Regensburg and Schweinfurt in Germany; Allies reach Messina, Sicily. October 13, 1943 - Italy declares war on Germany; Second American air raid on Schweinfurt. November 28, 1943 - Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin meet at Teheran.

1943 - Armistice with Italy; September 3 - November 17

1943 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Report on the Home Front," Monday, October 12 Lili Marlene (German) and Melody Lili Marlene (English) and Melody 1943 - Casablanca Conference February 12 1943 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On the Coal Crisis," Sunday, May 2 1943 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Progress of War and Plans for Peace," Wednesday, July 28 1943 - The Quebec Conference, August 17-24 1943 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Opening Third War Loan Drive," Wednesday, September 8 1943 - The Moscow Conference; October 1943 - Cairo Conference November 1943 - Tehran Conference, November 28-December 1 1943 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "On Teheran and Cairo Conferences," Friday, December 24 1943 E. W. Rowland-Hill develops the rotary threshing concept (Agricultural Mechanization)

1943 The world's first electronic valve programmable logic calculator, the Colossus, is built in Britain for the purpose of breaking Nazis codes. On average, Colossus deciphers a coded message in two hours. (Computers)

January 22, 1944 - Allies land at Anzio. June 5, 1944 - Allies enter Rome. June 6, 1944 - D-Day landings. June 27, 1944 - U.S. troops liberate Cherbourg. July 18, 1944 - U.S. troops reach St. Lô. July 25-30 - Operation Cobra (U.S. troops break out west of St. Lô). December 16-27 - Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes. December 17, 1944 - Waffen SS murder 81 U.S. POWs at Malmedy. December 26, 1944 - Patton relieves Bastogne. 

1944 - Franklin Roosevelt, "State of the Union Message to Congress," Tuesday, January 11

1944 - Franklin Roosevelt Memorandum to Cordell Hull on Indochina, January 24 1944 - Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat: "Opening Fifth War Loan Drive," Monday, June 12 1944 - The Bretton Woods Agreements, July 22 1944 - Bretton Woods Decisions, Closing Address by Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau. July 22 1944 - Armistice Agreement with Rumania; September 12 1944 - Campaign dinner address of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (the Fala address) September 23 [Audio - RealPlayer Dumbarton Oaks: Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization. October 7 1944 - Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria; October 28

1944 Federal-Aid Highway Act called for designation of a national system of interstate highways, as well as strict, centrally controlled design criteria
(Highways)

1945: Atomic Bomb A team led by J.R. Oppenheimer, Arthur H. Compton, Enrico Fermi and Léo Szilard detonates the first atomic bomb at the Los Alamos Lab near Santa Fé, New Mexico. Following the tests, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan -- one at Hiroshima, one at Nagasaki -- that claimed more than 100,000 lives. Aug 6, 1945 - First atomic bomb dropped, on Hiroshima, Japan. Aug 9, 1945 - Second atomic bomb dropped, on Nagasaki, Japan.

January 16, 1945 - U.S. 1st and 3rd Armies link up after a month long separation during the Battle of the Bulge. February 4-11 - Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin meet at Yalta. April 1, 1945 - U.S. troops encircle Germans in the Ruhr; Allied offensive in North Italy. April 12, 1945 - Allies liberate Buchenwald and Belsen concentration camps; President Roosevelt dies. Truman becomes President. April 29, 1945 - U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau. April 30, 1945 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide. May 7, 1945 - Unconditional surrender of all German forces to Allies. May 8, 1945 - V-E (Victory in Europe) Day. May 9, 1945 - Hermann Göring is captured by members of the U.S. 7th Army. June 26, 1945 - United Nations Charter is signed in San Francisco. July 1, 1945 - U.S., British, and French troops move into Berlin. July 16, 1945 - First U.S. atomic bomb test; Potsdam Conference begins. Oct 24, 1945 - United Nations is officially born.

1945 - Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fourth Inaugural Speech with audio link

1945 - Armistice Agreement with Hungary; January 20 1945 - The Yalta Conference, February 1945 - Agreement Relating to Prisoners of War and Civilians Liberated by Forces Operating Under Soviet Command and Forces Operating Under United States of America Command; February 11 1945 - Roosevelt's Message to Congress on Bretton Woods Money and Banking Proposals, Feb. 12 1945 - Protocol for Yalta Conference 1945 - German Surrender Documents, May 8 1945 - Attitude of American Government Toward Palestine - Letter From President Roosevelt to King Ibn Saud, April 5 1945 The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 6 and 9 [Report by The Manhattan Project Investigating Group] 1945 - The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, July 17-August 2 Constitution of the State of New Jersey 1945 - The Japanese Surrender Documents of World War II, September 12 1945 Alan Turing publishes his paper on the Universal Machine, laying out the principles of the modern computer. (Computers)

1945 John Von Neumann, working independently of Turing, writes a document describing the stored-program computer, the basis for the computer industry. (Computers)

1945 AT&T lays 2000 miles of coaxial cable. (Telephone)

1945 Science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposes communications satellites. (Telephone)

1945 Artificial kidney developed by Willem J. Kolff. (Health Technologies)

1946 - George Kennan's "Long Telegram" February 22 1946 - Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech, March 5

1946 - Dean Acheson's Account of the Crisis Over Iran

1946 - The Novikov Telegram, September Immigration into Palestine - Statement by President Truman, October 4

1946 Atomic Energy Act passes, establishing the Atomic Energy Commission. (Nuclear Technologies)

1946 Oak Ridge facility ships first nuclear reactor-produced radioisotopes for civilian use to Barnard Cancer Hospital in St. Louis. (Nuclear Technologies)

1946 Microwave oven, Percy L. Spencer. (Household Appliances)

1946 ENIAC, the first electronic digital computer put into operation. (Computers)

1946 Telcos install nationwide numbering plan. (Telephone)

1946 Bell introduces the germanium point contact transistor (Telephone)

1946 Tupperware. (High-performance Materials)

1946 Vinyl floor covering. (High-performance Materials)

1946 Aluminum-based metallic yard. (High-performance Materials)

1946 Ceramic magnets. (High-performance Materials)

1947: Polaroid Camera Dr. Edwin H. Land introduces a new camera that can produce a developed photographic image in sixty seconds. Land will follow in the 1960s with a color model and eventually receive more than 500 patents for his innovations in light and plastics technologies.

1947 - Truman Doctrine- March 12 [Generally recognized as the beginning of the Cold War]

1947 - Taft-Hartley Act [Limited power of labor unions and made "Right to Work" states possible] 1947 - McCarran Internal Security Act [Began the "Un-American Activities" fervor] 1947 - The Marshall Plan, June 5 [text] 1947 - George C. Marshall. Commencement address, Harvard University. June 5 [Audio - RealPlayer] A Veteran of the Wrong War 1947 On December 17, the XB-47 strato-jet lifts from the runway on its first flight. (Airplane)

1947 B. F. Goodrich Co. introduces the first tubeless tire. (Automobile)

1947 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invent the transistor. (Electronics)

1947 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invent the transistor. (Radio and Television)

1947 John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William B. Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invent the transistor. (Computers)

1947 John Barker discovered that moving automobiles would reflect radar waves. (Imaging)

1947 First top-loading automatic clothes washer. (Household Appliances)

1947 Vladimir Haensel invents platforming. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1947 Sufficient oil not found in the United States, according to U.S. Department of State. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1947 Floating drilling tender that can withstand severe ocean environment is demonstrated by Kerr-McGee Oil Industry. (Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies)

1948: Electric Guitar Leo Fender launches the guitars that built rock and roll when he debuts his Broadcaster solid-bodied electric guitar. Later renamed the Telecaster, the guitar will become a favorite with guitar slingers worldwide.

Harry S. Truman

1948 - Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS), March 30-May 2

1948 Disc brakes are introduced by Chrysler. (Automobile)

1948 Frank Zybach invents the center-pivot irrigation machine, revolutionizing irrigation technology (Agricultural Mechanization)

1948 Argonne National Laboratory and Westinghouse announce program to commercialize nuclear power. (Nuclear Technologies)

1949 - NATO Defense Treaty, April 4 1949 - Harry S. Truman, Inaugural Address 1949 John and Mack Rust develop the mechanical cotton picker (Agricultural Mechanization)

1949 Bell Labs publishes Shannon's theory of relay logic. (Computers)

1949 AT&T introduces the famous black rotary Model 500 telephone. (Telephone)

1950 Party lines make up 75 percent of all telephone lines. (Telephone)

1950 A two-stage bumper rocket is launched from Cape Canaveral. (Spacecraft)

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