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Early Man in North America: The Known to the Unknown by Valerie Ann Polino. Trying to find out when man first came to America, and how he lived during the hundreds of centuries before the Europeans arrived, the archaeologist is like a child trying to solve a picture puzzle when he has in his possession only one percent of the pieces. As a result he must look to other fields of science to fit together a series of clues to give a generalized impression and explanation of prehistoric culture and society.

The Paleo-Indians: SHADOWS IN THE NIGHT (Arrival date uncertain to 6500 B. C.) The earliest arrivals and their physical and cultural descendants, collectively called "Paleo-Indians" (meaning "ancient" Indians), appear to have occupied the Americas, including the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, for 10,000 to perhaps 40,000 years – a period of time longer than that for all the succeeding cultures combined. They left a minimal and fragmentary record of their lives. The search for evidence of Paleo-Indians compares to a hunt for ghosts in a dense fog.

Date limit set on first Americans By Paul Rincon, BBC Science. A new genetic study deals a blow to claims that humans reached America at least 30,000 years ago - around the same time that people were colonizing Europe.

Arrival date set for first Americans Rossella Lorenzi, Discovery News: Humans first arrived in the Americas no earlier than 18,000 years ago, according to a new genetic study, undermining some theories that occupation may have first occurred 30,000 years ago. "This discovery places the DNA evidence more in line with archaeological data, which is characterized by a clear dearth of sites credibly dated beyond 14,000 years ago," writes Assistant Professor Mark Seielstad, a population geneticist at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and colleagues in the September issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.

Special Report: The Puzzle of the First Americans By Kenneth B. Tankersley. Among the most fascinating question in American archaeology are the most basic: Who were the first people in the Americas? Where did they come from, and when did they arrive? What was their Ice Age world like, and how did they survive in it? New technologies, methods, and theories are converging on these issues, along with an important new public policy. And still the questions linger. Essentially, there are two diametrically opposed models for the initial peopling of the Western Hemisphere: an early entry, sometime before 15,000 calendar years ago, and perhaps before the last glacial maximum some 20,000 years ago; and a late entry, sometime just before the appearance of Clovis, the oldest unambiguous cultural complex in the Americas, at about 13,350 years ago.

The First Americans By Sharon Begley and Andrew Murr. Newsweek, April 26, 1999: "The small band of hunter-gatherers made its summer camp on the riverbank, at the northern end of the region through which they followed the seasonal game. The location, 45 miles southeast of what is now Richmond, Va., was ideal: winds from the north kept the flying insects down. Some of the band would spend their days striking long, slender quartz flakes from stone cores; others made triangular and pentagonal spear points for the hunt. It was 15,050 years ago; the erstwhile "First Americans" would not make the trek across the Bering Strait for 3,500 more years."

Who Were The First Americans? Stefan Lovgren, for National Geographic News. September 3, 2003: A study of skulls excavated from the tip of Baja California in Mexico suggests that the first Americans may not have been the ancestors of today's Amerindians, but another people who came from Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific area about 13,500 years ago.

Coastal Navigators--The First Americans May Have Come by Water Article by E. James Dixon; from Clovis and Beyond: Deglaciation along the Northwest Coast of North America had begun by about 14,000 years ago (16,800 cal BP) and was sufficiently advanced to enable humans using watercraft to colonize coastal areas by 13,000 years ago (15,350 cal BP). The remains of land and sea mammals, birds, and fish dating to this time have been discovered along the Northwest Coast, demonstrating sufficient resources existed along the coast for people to have survived.

Human skulls are 'oldest Americans' Tests on skulls found in Mexico suggest they are almost 13,000 years old - and shed fresh light on how humans colonized the Americas.

First Peoples, 10,000 BC Did over-hunting cause the mammoth to become extinct? Origins of the PaleoIndians, mastodons; from University of South Dakota Anthropology

Virginia Indians before 10,000 Years Ago [Before 8,000 B.C.] After the last ice age came to an end about 15,000 years ago, the food supply of the PaleoIndians increased and became more stable. With milder weather more animals and plants survived. The PaleoIndians were "hunters-foragers." This means the people lived by hunting animals and gathering wild plants and seeds for their food. Some people use the term, "hunters-gatherers."

'First Americans were Australian' Until now, native Americans were believed to have descended from Asian ancestors who arrived over a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and then migrated across the whole of north and south America. The land bridge was formed 11,000 (9,000 BC) years ago during the ice age, when sea level dropped. However, the new evidence shows that these people did not arrive in an empty wilderness. Stone tools and charcoal from the site in Brazil show evidence of human habitation as long ago as 50,000 years

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