This book is included in the Self Reliance Primitive Industry section.
PREFACE.
DURING the past six years the manufacture of calcium carbide and the installation of apparatus for lighting by Acetylene has become so important an industry, that the time seems to have arrived when a book on the subject, which should
gather together not only the information gleaned in recent years, but also the immense mass of facts discovered with regard to Acetylene in the sixty-four years which have elapsed since its discovery by Edmund Davy, in 1836, would not be unacceptable
to those interested in this beautiful illuminant.
France possesses no less than three handbooks dealing with the subject, whilst Germany has Herr Liebetanz' excellent work,
Calciumcarbid und Acetylen, and also the translation of M. Pellissier's French work from the facile pen of Dr. Anton Ludwig; but so far no textbook worthy of the name has been published in the English language, although an excellent translation of Perrodil's
Le Carbure de Calcium et l'Acetylene appeared in serial form in the pages of the
Progressive Age, which, as far as the author knows, has not been republished in book form.
In writing this book the difficulty soon arose that in attempting to make it a complete record of the work that has been done, risk was run of overloading the technical side of the question with scientific researches which, although invaluable to a student working on the subject of Acetylene, would not be welcomed by a generator maker desirous of finding the reasons for the overheating of a special. form of apparatus; and in order to as far as possible avoid this difficulty the book has been written in two divisions, the first part devoted to the scientific side of the preparation and properties of Acetylene, whilst the second part deals with the technical developments of the last few years considered from a scientific standpoint.
The foreign textbooks on the subject have all been written by engineers who have presented the subject from the point of view most familiar to them, and although the present work may be found not so full of mechanical detail, it is hoped that
the subject may not have suffered thereby. In order to make the book as useful as possible to those engaged in practical work on Acetylene, a third part has been added containing the legal enactments of various countries, a list of the patents taken out in this country with a precis of their contents, and an Appendix of useful data.
The author desires to express his grateful thanks to Dr. Polis, late Professor of Chemistry at the Technical School of Aix-la-Chapelle, for the aid he has given in the first part of the book, and also to his assistants and all those who have so kindly helped with data and drawings of special apparatus; whilst especially does he desire to acknowledge the aid given by Mr. F. Gr. Worth, the Managing Director of the Acetylene Illuminating Company, who from the first introduction of calcium carbide has done all in his power to encourage scientific research into the manufacture of carbide, and the questions arising therefrom.
GREENWICH
May, 1900
CONTENTS
PART I. SCIENTIFIC Chapter I - THE HISTORY OF ACETYLENE FEOM ITS DISCOVERY BY EDMUND DAVY IN 1836 TO THE INTRODUCTION OF COMMERCIAL ACETYLENE IN 1895 Edmund Davy's Discovery and Communication to the British Association. The Work of Quet, Voegel, and Reischauer. Acetylene detected in Coal Gas. Berthelot's Researches upon Acetylene. Woehler's Discovery of Calcium Carbide. The Formation of Acetylene during the Incomplete Combustion of Hydrocarbons. The Discovery of the Direct Formation of Calcium Carbide in the Electric Furnace. The Claims of Willson, Moissan, and Borchers to priority Chapter II - THE PREPARATION OF ACETYLENE The Formation of Acetylene by the Direct Union of its Constituents. The Work of Berthelot and Dewar. The Preparation of Acetylene by the Incomplete Combustion of Gases containing Hydrogen and Carbon. The Methods Employed by Berthelot, McLeod, Rieth, Jungfleisch, and Polis. The Preparation of Acetylene by the Chemical Decomposition of Organic Compounds. The Preparation of Acetylene by the Double Decomposition of certain Carbides in Contact with Water Chapter III - ACETYLENE AND ITS PROPERTIES Nomenclature. Composition. Specific Gravity. Heat of Formation. Heat of Combustion. Occurrence. Smell, Solubility. Liability of Dissolved Acetylene to Explosion. Liquefaction of Acetylene. Properties of Liquid Acetylene. Detonation of Acetylene. Influence of Pressure on Detonation. Solid Acetylene. Spectrum. Electrical Relations of Acetylene Chapter IV - THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ACETYLENE The Action of Heat upon Acetylene. Action of Carbon upon its Decomposition. Influence of Dilution upon Decomposition. The Luminous Decomposition of Acetylene by Heat. Acetylene Theory of Luminosity. Combination of Acetylene and Oxygen. Heat of Combustion with Oxygen. Explosive Limits of Mixtures of Acetylene and Air. Products of Combustion. Complete and Incomplete Combustion. Pressures Produced on the Explosion of Mixtures of Acetylene and Air. Berthelot Summarises the Explosive Properties of Acetylene. Action of Light on Acetylene. Action of Oxidising Agents on Acetylene. Action of Palladium, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Platinum Black. Acetylene Hydrate. Action of Chlorine upon Acetylene. Chlorides of Acetylene. Bromine Compounds. Iodides of Acetylene. Synthesis of Alcohol from Acetylene. Acetylene and Nitrogen. Action of Sulphuric Acid upon Acetylene. Synthesis of Phenol. Action of Acetylene on Metals and Metallic Salts. Metallic Acetylenes. Copper Acetylene. Action of Acetylene on Silver Salts. Silver Acetylene. Action on Mercury Salts. Action of Reduced Metals on Acetylene. The Formation of Explosive Compounds with Metals under Ordinary Working Conditions. The Toxic Action of Acetylene PART II. TECHNICAL Chapter V - THE ELECTRIC FURNACE AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE MANUFACTURE OF CALCIUM CARBIDE The Formation of Calcium Carbide. Importance of the Electric Furnace. Early History of the Electric Arc and its Utilisation for Heating Purposes. The Temperature of the Arc. The Napier, Pichon, Depretz, Joule, Werdermann, and Siemens Furnaces. The Clere, Cowles, Bernard, and Heroult Furnaces. The Readman, Reuleaux, Kiliani, Parker, Willson, Schneller, Laval, Girard, and Moissan Furnaces. Arc Furnaces and Resistance Furnaces. Borcher, King, and Maxim Furnaces. Willson's Spray Furnace. American Practice. The Installations at Niagara and Merritton. Later Installations at Niagara and Saulte Ste. Marie. The Horry and Bradley Rotary Furnaces. The Union Carbide Company's Works. English Practice. The Leeds Experimental Installation. The Carbide Works at Foyers. European Practice. Bullier Furnaces: Run Carbide. The Froges Works. The Early History of the Continental Carbide Industry. Installations of the Allgemeine Electricitats-Gesellschaft and the Electricitats Aktien-Gesellschaft. The Rathenau and Schuckert Furnaces. The Siemens-Halske Furnace. The Gin-Leleux Installations. Meran Works. Italian Practice. The Terni Works. San Marcello. Spanish Works. Relative Merits of the Run and Ingot Carbide Processes. The Frankfort Furnace. Pre-heating Furnaces. The Pictet and Ingleton Installation. Landin Process. Patin Furnace. Borcher's Water-Jacketed Furnace Chapter VI - THE MANUFACTURE, PROPERTIES, AND IMPURITIES OF CALCIUM CARBIDE Importance of Purity in the Materials Used. Lime. Limestone. Various Forms of Calcium Carbonate. Lime Burning. Variation in Purity with Different Forms of Limestone. Limes Used in Continental Carbide Works. Carbon Employed. Coal: Its Formation and Variation in Composition. Anthracite and its Composition. Coking Coal. Coke. Physical Properties of Coke. Ash in Coke. Composition of Coke and Coke-Ash. Analyses of Coke. Sulphur and Phosphorus in Coke. Wood Charcoal. Analyses of Charcoal. Influence of Temperature in Carbonising Wood. Experience with Charcoal, and its Drawback in Carbide Making. Tar Carbon. Peat and Turf Charcoal. Bituminous Coal. Theoretical Proportion of Lime and Carbon Required. Proportion of Lime and Carbon Adopted. Carlson's Experiments with Excess of Carbon. Proportions Used in Practice. Influence on Yield of Gas. The Coarseness of the Mixture. Effect of Fine Grinding. Granulating Machinery. Power for Carbide Works. Water Power. Steam Power. Possibility of Carbide Manufacture for Electric Light Stations. The Gas Engine. Dynamos. Early Forms of Dynamo. Siemens' and Wheatstone's Discoveries. Alternating Currents. Single and Poly-phase Machines. The Commutator. Relative Efficiency of Direct and Alternating Currents. Current Tension Transformers. Arrangement of Furnaces and Conductors. Factors to be Considered in Calculating Energy Required. Bredel's Calculation. Pictet's Estimate. Sieber's Calculation. Energy Required Based on Practical Working. Carbide Made per E.H.P. Day. Tapping v. Ingot Furnaces. Size of Furnace. Current Density. Effects of Overheating. The Actions Taking Place in the Arc. Researches by Gin and Leleux. Dissociation of Carbide in the Arc. Carbon Electrodes and their Manufacture. Properties of Calcium Carbide. Necessity for Ventilating the Works. Carbon Monoxide. Effect of Carbon Monoxide on the Blood. Treatment for Poisoning by Carbon Monoxide. Effects of Over Gas Production in the Furnace. Dust. Arrangements for Minimising the Disadvantages at Foyers and Meran. Commercial Sizes for Carbide. Breaking up Carbide. Machinery. Loss from Carbide Dust. Utilisation of Small Carbide. Briquettes of Carbide. Treatment of Ingot Carbide for the Market. Blending Ingot and Crust. Run Carbide. Necessity for a Standard Quality of Carbide. Price of Carbide based on Gas Production. Cost of Power Works. Cost per E.H.P. per Year. Cost of Carbide per Ton. Details of Cost of Carbide Making at Meran. List of Carbide Works in America, Germany, England, France, Italy, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland, and Spain. Attempts at Carbide Making without Electricity. By Heating Calcium Tartrate. By Passing Hydrocarbon Vapours over Heated Lime. By Using a Metal with a Strong Affinity for Oxygen. By Using Ordinary Combustion Heat. The Woodside Process. Liquid Air Applied to Carbide Making. Borcher's Process. Bergemann's Oxygen Furnace. Carbide as a Bye-Product. Blast Furnace Slag. Carbolite. Treatment of the Slag and Method of Manufacture. Yield of Gas from Carbolite. Carbolite Plant. The Packing and Storing of Carbide. Carbide Drums. Lid Valves for Drums. Storage. Colour of Calcium Carbide. Moissan's Researches on Pure Carbide. Bullier and Perrodil's Researches on Foreign Matter in Carbide. Silicides of Carbon. Metallic Nodules in Carbide and their Composition. Siliciuretted Hydrogen. Silica from Acetylene Soot. Gerard's Researches on Carbide Residues. Moissan's Researches on Commercial Carbide. Action of Hydrochloric Acid on the Residue. Calcium Silicide. Calcium Sulphide. Metallic Sulphides in Carbide. Aluminium Sulphide. Organic Sulphur Compounds. Iron Compounds. Graphite Chapter VII - THE GENERATION OF ACETYLENE Woehler Forms Acetylene from Calcium Carbide. Reactions of Calcium Carbide with Water and Calcium Hydrate. Venable's Analysis of Willson's Carbide. Early Attempts to Utilise Acetylene as an Illuminant. The First Acetylene Generator. Growth of the Generator. Methods of Generating Acetylene. Classification of Generators. Automatic Generators. Non-Automatic Generators. Experimental Forms of the "Drip," "Water Rising," "Dipping," and "Carbide to Water" Apparatus. Heat Generated During Decomposition. Drip Generators. Early American Generators. The Introduction of Acetylene into England. The First English Generator. Present Forms of Drip Generator. The Forbes Generator. The Manchester and Midland Generators. Formation of a Lime Coating over Carbide in Drip Generators. The Beacon Generator. Desiderata in a Good Generator. Determination of Heat Evolved. Experiments with Broken Carbide. Small Pieces give Less Heat than Large Ones. The Development of Heat in Drip Generators. Effect of Pressure on the Temperature Produced. Effect of the Size of the Charge and Shape of the Apparatus. Precautions Necessary for Measuring the Temperature Generated. Heating Often only Local. After-Generation in Drip Apparatus. Conditions Governing After-Generation. The Causes of After-Generation. Experiments on After-Generation. Volume of Water Required for Complete Decomposition. Reasons for Using a Large Excess of Water. Danger of Undecomposed Carbide in Residue. Drip Generators Abandoned on the Continent. Water Rising to Carbide Generators. Conditions Necessary in a Good Generator of this Class. Automatic Generators. The Ideal Generator. Subdivision of Carbide Charge. Sunlight Generator. Acetylene Diluted with Carbon Dioxide. The Exley Generator. Read-Holliday Generator. Thorscar Generator. Bailey's Generator. Drawbacks of a Displacement Holder. Advantages of a Store Holder. Grubb's Generator. Fourchotte, Trouve, Graetz, and Owen's Generators. Caro's Remarks on "Flooding" Generators. Heat Evolved. After-Generation. Dipping Generators. The Sunbeam, Sardi, Liver, and Abingdon Generators. Caro Contrasts Drip and Dip Generators. Lewes Experiments on the Heat Evolved. Measurement of Temperature. Lechatelier Thermo-couple. Size of Wires. Calibration and Precautions Necessary. Tests with Dripping Apparatus. Arrangement of Apparatus and Method of Conducting Experiment. Discrepancies in the Results and the Causes. Experimental Results. The Temperature reached often Shown by the Condition of Residue. Experiments on Dipping Apparatus. Conditions of Experiment. Results. Conclusions. Effect of Heat on Acetylene. Production of Tar and Benzene. Haber's Results. Action in the Generator. Troubles Due to Polymerisation Products. Influence of Overheating on the Gas. Analysis of Overheated Gas. Troubles Due to Benzene. The First Carbide to "Water Generator. Pictet Generator. Difficulties of Designing this Type of Generator to Work Automatically. The Acetylite, Sigurdsson, Ross, Strode, Szepezynski, Bertrand-Taillet, Gibbs, and French Generators. Non-Automatic Carbide to Water Generators. The Perfection, Kleine and Haus Central e, and Pintsch Generators. Conditions Leading to Overheating. The Use of Grids. Dangers of Using too Large a Charge or Big Lumps. Loss of Acetylene from Solution. The Settling of the Lime Sludge. Experimental Results. Conclusions. Influence of Time and Shape of Generator on the Lime Residue. Caro on the Water to Carbide Generator. Troubles Due to this Type of Generator. Generators Using Carbide Enclosed in Cartridges. Influence of the Type of Generator on the Purity of the Gas, and on the Volume. Experimental Results. Effect on the Residue of the Type of Generator. Importance of Flooding the Residue. Drawbacks of the Drip Apparatus. Frothing in Generators : Its Cause and Prevention. Carbide to Water Generators a Necessity in Big Installations. Town Installations. The Installation at Oliva. Dangers of Large Air Spaces in Generators. Temperature Needed to Cause Explosion. Spontaneously Inflammable Gases in Acetylene. Percentage of Phosphuretted Hydrogen Necessary to Cause Spontaneous Ignition. Experiments on the Percentage of Calcium Phosphide Required to Produce Spontaneous Ignition. Results. Time Necessary to Develop a Dangerous Temperature. Prevention of Danger from Mixtures of Gas and Air in the Generator. Gerdes' Experiments. Conclusions. Construction of Generators. Precautions in Charging. Special Points to be Observed in Making Generators. The Use of Oil in Generators. Generators for Large and Small Installations. Acetylene Cycle Lamps and their Drawbacks. The Conditions Necessary for a Good Lamp. The Construction of Acetylene Cycle Lamps. Size of Carbide to be Used in Them. The Twentieth Century, Excelsior, Windmiller, Phenomenon, Triumph, Majestic, Leuchtkugel, Bundy, Cetolite, Acetylator, and Solitaire Lamps, in which Water Drips on to the Carbide. Water Rising to Carbide: the Veritas and Acetylette. Water Syphons on to Carbide: the Yahr. The Scharlach, Fritz, and Hutton Cycle Lamps. Carriage Lamps. The A.C.A.G. and Scharlach Carriage Lamps. Acetylene for Signalling. Portable Generators. Acetylene Lamps for Drives. Table Lamps and their Drawbacks. Escape of Surplus Gas Chapter VIII - THE IMPURITIES OF COMMERCIAL ACETYLENE, AND THE PROCESSES ADOPTED FOR THEIR REMOVAL The Causes which Lead to Impurity in Crude Acetylene. Phosphuretted Hydrogen and the Formation of Haze. The Presence of Sulphuretted Hydrogen and the Products of its Combustion. Ammonia. The Importance of Purification. The Extent to which Impurities are Present in Crude Acetylene. Improvements in the Purity of the Calcium Carbide. The Percentage of Phosphuretted Hydrogen in 1896 and 1899. Analysis of Crude Acetylene. Willgerodt Removes Phosphuretted Hydrogen by Bromine Water. Source of the Phosphuretted Hydrogen. Moissan's Researches on Calcium Phosphide. Caro's Investigations on Phosphides. Liquid and Gaseous Phosphuretted Hydrogen. Effect of Temperature on the Phosphorus Compounds. Separation of Organic Phosphorus Compounds and their Nature. Phosphuretted Hydrogen in Dipping Apparatus. Renault's Work on Calcium Phosphides in the Electric Furnace. Action of the Phosphides on Water. Analysis of Liquid from Condenser. Formation in Dip Generators. The Action of the Arc on Metallic Sulphides. Source of the Sulphuretted Hydrogen. Caro's Experiments on the Distribution of Sulphur Products in a Carbide to Water Generator. Experiment with a Dipping Apparatus. Influence of Increased Rate of Flow of Water. Influence of Aluminium in the Carbide: Caro's Conclusions. Presence of Sulphocyanides and Mercaptans. Presence of Sulphocarbides. Sulphur in Carbide. Aluminium Sulphide. Influence of Temperature. Superiority of Carbide to Water Generators. Practical Experiments with Generators. Influence of the Type of Generator and Pressure. Polis' Results. The Presence of Metallic Silicides in Carbide. Explanation of the Presence of Siliciuretted Hydrogen. Ammonia in Crude Acetylene. Bamberger's Theory as to its Presence. Nitride in Carbide. Influence of the Generator on the Amount of Ammonia. Caro's Criticism of Bamberger's Conclusions. Pressure an Important Factor. Carbon Monoxide in Crude Acetylene, and the Causes which give Rise to its Formation. The Causes of Free Hydrogen in the Acetylene. Traces of Air in Acetylene. Vapours of Hydrocarbons other than Acetylene. Action of Overheating on Acetylene. Polymerisation and its Causes. The Formation of Tar and Benzene. Action of Benzene on Burner Tips. The Naphey Burner. Formation of Carbon at the Burner, and its Causes. Washers for Removing Foreign Vapours. Impurities that need not be Removed. Injurious Impurities. Conditions for a Purifying Material. Pictet's Purification. Potash and Bromine Purification. Acid Mercuric Chloride. Commercial Substances Available. Bleaching Powder. The Preparation and Action of Bleaching Powder on the Impurities. Ahren's Experiments with Bleaching Powder. Wolffs Mixture. Presence of Carbon Monoxide. Use of Lime after Bleaching Powder Purification. Ahren's Investigation of Chlorine in Purified Acetylene. Troubles Due to Bleaching Powder. Drawbacks of Bleaching Powder for Purification. Action on Acetylene. Experimental Results. Heating with Sawdust. Chloride of Nitrogen. Practical Results with Wolff's Mixture. Purification by Acid Solution of Copper and Iron Salts. Action of Acidulated Cuprous Chloride. Regeneration. Impregnation of Kieselguhr. Objections to Frank's Purifier. Cost of Purification. Conclusion. Ullmann's Purification by Acidulated Chromic Acid. Action of Acidulated Chromic Acid. Wach's Experiments on Ullmann's Process. Influence of Rate of Flow on Purification. Amount and Cost of Material. Contrast between Frank's and Ullmann's Material. Purifying Effect of Acidulated Ferric Chloride, Acidulated Chromic Acid, Acidulated Cuprous Chloride, and Chromic Sulphate. Effect of Alkaline Chlorides. Goettig's Experiment. Results Obtained. Exley's Purifying Slabs. Limit of Purification Necessary in Practice Chapter IX - THE GENERATION OF LIGHT AND POWER FROM ACETYLENE Early Photometric Determinations of the Illuminating Value of Acetylene. The Illuminating Value of a Gas. Methods for Obtaining Complete Combustion. Effect of Pressure on Combustion. The Luminosity of Flame. Sir Humphry Davy's Researches. Sir Edward Frankland's "Dense Vapour" Theory. The Researches of Soret and Burch, and Others. Dewar and Liveing on Acetylene Flames. The Part Played by Acetylene in a Flame. Lewes' Experiments. Pictet on the Luminosity of Acetylene Flames. The Endothermic Nature of Acetylene. Smithells on the Acetylene Theory of Luminosity. The Light given by Acetylene. Size of Burners. Influence of the Burner on the Light obtained from Coal Gas and Acetylene. Early Forms of Acetylene Burner. Lewes and Bray Burners. Smoking of Burners. Bullier's Burner. Importance of Bullier's Patents. Holliday and Cruveillier Burners. Double Jet Flat Flame Burners. Billwiller and Naphey Burners. Forms of Naphey Burners. French Quadrant Tip Burner. Developments of the Billwiller Burner. Schulke Burner. Hera Burner. Mushroom Burner and Modifications. Single and Multiple Jet Burners. Applications of Jet Burners. Cockscomb, Slit, and German Union Jet Burners. Modifications of Bray Burner. Wonder and Ideal Burners. Atmospheric Acetylene Burners. Heat given by Atmospheric Acetylene Burners. Velocity of Explosion in the Mixing Tube. Diameter of Tubes that will Stop the Explosive Wave. Construction of Existing Mantle Burners. Results. Importance of Complete Purification of the Gas. Illuminating Power and Illuminating Effect. Arrangement of Burners for Best Effect. Importance of Illuminating Effect over Illuminating Power. Importance of Reflection. The Effect of Intensity in Making Contrasts. The Use of Globes and Shades. Comparison Between Various Globes. Holophane Globes. The Effect of Fog or Mist on Illuminants. Experimental Method of Showing Effect of Fog. Character of Acetylene Light. Characteristics of Various Illuminants. Erdmann's Researches. Acetylene as a Standard of Light. Results Obtained by Erdmann. Hartmann on the Colour of Light given by Diluted Acetylene. Standards of Light. The Standard Candle. Keate's Lamp. The Carcel. The Hefner Alteneck Unit. Violle Platinum Standard. The Methven Screen. The Harcourt One-Candle Unit. Pentane. The Dibdin Ten-Candle Standard. Harcourt Ten-Candle Pentane Standard. Violle Acetylene Standard. Fery Acetylene Standard. Acetylene as a Standard for Photography. Value of Acetylene for Photographic Work. Vidal's Results. Acetylene for Projection Work. Molteni's Experiments. Sanitary Effect of Various Illuminants. Heating Effect of Acetylene Flame. Cost of Acetylene and Coal Gas Lighting. The Field for Acetylene Lighting. The Price of Acetylene. Cost of Acetylene Compared with Other Illuminants for an Ordinary House Chapter X - THE UTILISATION OF DILUTED ACETYLENE Early American Experiments with Mixtures of Acetylene and Air. Illuminating Power of Such Mixtures. The Danger of Such Mixtures. Bullier Proposes to Use Acetylene for Enriching Water Gas and also to Use Nitrogen as a Diluent. Failure of Acetylene as an Enricher of Blue Water Gas. Dr. Love's Experiments. Enrichment Value of Acetylene with Coal Gas. Method of Conducting Enrichment Experiments. Importance of Securing Uniformity in the Mixtures. Lewes' Determination of the Illuminating Powers of Mixtures of Acetylene with Hydrogen, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and Methane. Percy Frankland's Experiments on the Effect of Diluents on the Candle Power of Ethylene. Flame Temperature and Its Importance. Heat Evolved by Combustible Diluents. Influence of the Diluent on the Size of the Flame. Cause of the Superiority of Methane as a Diluent. Acetylene for Railway Carriage Lighting. Mixtures of Oil Gas and Acetylene. The Researches of Gerdes on the Safety of Acetylene and Mixtures of Acetylene and Oil Gas for this Purpose. Conditions under which Railway Cylinders of Compressed Acetylene are Liable to Explosion. Influence of Dilution on Explosion. Practical Experiments and Conclusions. Safety of Diluted Acetylene. Tables of the Results of Experiments. Home Office Experiments. The Illuminating Value of the Licensed Mixture. Economical Considerations in Favour of such a Mixture. Possible Future Field for Diluted Acetylene. A Cheap Combustible Diluent for Acetylene. Diluted Acetylene as a Gas Supply for Small Towns. The Generation of Acetylene Diluted with Combustible Gases from Mixed Carbides Chapter XI - THE ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL FOR CARBIDE MANUFACTURE AND OF CARBIDE AND ACETYLENE Importance of Chemical Analysis in the Carbide Manufacture. Necessity for Blending Commercial Carbide. Risk of Using Inferior Material. The Analysis of Coke or Coal, Sampling. Estimation of Moisture. Volatile Matter. Ash. Sulphur. Phosphorus. Silica. Iron and Alumina. Manganese. Lime and Magnesia. Calculation of Results. Analysis of the Lime or Limestone. Moisture and Carbon Dioxide. Silica. Iron and Alumina. Lime and Magnesia. Sulphur and Phosphorus. Calculation of Results. Estimation of the Yield of Acetylene from Commercial Carbide. Influence of the Method of Generating the Gas. Influence of the Crystalline Character of the Carbide. Importance of Proper Sampling. Method of Determining Yield of Gas Proposed by Perrodil and Sertier. Lunge and Cederkreutz. Fuchs and Schiff. Results Obtained. Bamberger's Gravimetric Method. Advantages. Calculation of the Yield of Gas and Percentage of Pure Carbide in the Sample. Table showing Ratio between Volume of Gas and Percentage of Pure Carbide. Estimation of the Impurities in Crude Acetylene. Qualitative Tests. Phosphuretted Hydrogen. Determination of Sulphur Compounds. Method of Calculating Results. Table for the Conversion of Volume per Cent, into Grams of Phosphorus or Sulphur per Cubic Metre. Estimation of Ammonia. Qualitative Reactions of-Acetylene PART III - Legal Enactments in force in various Countries with regard to the use of Acetylene English Patents with Short Extracts: Generators Burners Appendix of Useful Data Index
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