This book is included in the Outdoor Survival Basics section.
Preface The Disaster Research Unit (DRU) of the University of Manitoba was commissioned by InterWorks, based in Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, to prepare a "Desk Study on the Needs of Women and Children in Emergency Situations". This work is being conducted for the Disaster Management Training Programme of the United Nations Development Programme and Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator. The authors of this study– R. Wiest, J. Mocellin, and D. Motsisi– acknowledge the assistance of K. Wotton, M.D., in the early stages of this work, and that of Maria de la Salette Correia for her research and editorial assistance. We thank Elena S. Meyer, InterWorks, for editorial skills that improved readability of the document. The authors are pleased to acknowledge the important critical input from Ann Brazeau, UNHCR Senior Coordinator for Refugee Women, Geneva, and grateful for her generous efforts to supply recent UNHCR material on refugee women. Thoughtful assessment by John Williamson added clarity and focus to the present revised edition. The authors are grateful for his generous contribution of several important new additions to the text of this latest edition. Italics are used throughout the document to highlight key points. The authors Raymond E. Wiest holds the Ph.D. degree in anthropology from the University of Oregon (USA). His long term research in Mexico, and more recent research in Bangladesh, has focused on labour migration, disaster related relocation, gender roles, and women in development. He is currently Professor and Head, Department of Anthropology, and associated with the Disaster Research Institute, University of Manitoba (Canada). Jane S.P. Mocellin holds the interdisciplinary Ph.D. degree in psychology and geography from the University of British Columbia (Canada), and currently is Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology and associated with the Disaster Research Institute, University of Manitoba. She has worked extensively on issues relating to environmental stress in extreme and radically altered environments such as Arctic, Antarctic, and Latin America, and has recently turned to issues relating to psychosocial stress among women and children in complex emergencies (e.g., Somalia and Kenya). D.Thandiwe Motsisi holds the B.A. degree from the University of Fort Hare (South Africa), and the M.A. degree from Bremen University (Germany). During her employment with the Lutheran World Federation in Zimbabwe, she assisted the Department of Social Welfare and other refugee-assisting agencies to plan, convene and co-produce the final report of the Urban Refugees and Communication Conference held in Harare, April 1988. She is currently pursuing an interdisciplinary Ph.D. degree at the University of Manitoba, focusing on global involuntary migration. TABLE OF CONTEXTS Preface Executive Summary 1 INTRODUCTION Terms of reference The variety of circumstances Status of research on disaster-subjected women Definitions 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES Gender bias in disaster-related research Established roles of women Special attention to women and their needs Integration with disaster-related research in general 3 WOMEN IN SOCIETY The social net Domestic group structure and stages Incidence and implications of women-headed households Pre-disaster production base and women's roles Elements common to women in developing and disaster-prone areas 4 PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS: PREVENTION, MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS Pre-disaster preparedness measures Psychosocial distress: stress and stressors Relationship of pre- and post-disaster stress levels among women Responding to psychosocial distress 5 THE CRISIS PHASE RESPONSE TO EMERGENCY Differential impact on women in different life cycle stages Adolescents Pregnant women and girls Lactating women Aged women Disruption of social relations Effects of material and social losses Loss of security and protection Loss of shelter Loss of access to productive means Inadequate sanitation, water contamination and disrupted supply Endemic and epidemic diseases Lack of protection and emotional support services Psychosocial distress: emergency 6 THE RELIEF PHASE RESPONSE TO EMERGENCY AND/OR DISASTER Survival and spontaneous action Effects of physical and emotional losses Psychosocial distress: relief phase Psychosocial interventions Role of women in food distribution Assistance priorities 7 RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PHASE FOLLOWING AN EMERGENCY AND/OR DISASTER Operational and political considerations Access to resources Shelter Land and/or livestock Raw materials Equipment and appropriate technology Access to employment Access to training Psychosocial distress: reconstruction and development phase Role of women in reconstruction and development Need for training in non-agricultural skills Community mobilization through women Promotion of institution building Sustainability of intervention 8 RECOMMENDED RESEARCH AND ACTION Women in disasters and emergencies Integration with disaster-related research SUGGESTED READING REFERENCES CONSULTED Appendix A: Mental Health Issues for Field Personnel Working in Refugee Camp Environments Appendix B: WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) Appendix C: Planning for Refugee Protection and Assistance Activities Appendix D: Summary of Policies and Provisions for Women Refugees End of Preview
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