This book is included in the Outdoor Survival Basics section.
PREFACE MOSSES AND LICHENS has been written with the hope that it may meet a need often expressed, for a book with pictures which will help to identify some of the many beautiful growths which, winter and summer, in wood and open, excite the admiration and arouse the curiosity of all nature lovers. It is the result of the author's desire to know something of the dainty plants which are so lavishly employed by nature in beautifying the trails and brooks of the North woods. The more striking mosses and lichens were collected and carried about until by the kindness of one friend and another "learned in mosses," names were secured for them. No book was found which offered an easy path to the knowledge desired. In truth, no book was found which could be used at all until many months of patient labor in a botanical laboratory gave the necessary foundation. Then the author, urged on by friends who would have an easy path or none, set to work to make pen-and-ink sketches of bits of moss and details of structure. After a number had been made with some degree of success, a new plan was suggested by experience. An accurate detail was made with the aid of a microscope or was procured from a rare work, Bryologia Europce; and with this detail a tuft or cushion on a large scale was built up and then reduced to natural size with a camera. Later, with the success crowning persistent attempts, Mr. J. A. Anderson and Miss H. C. Anderson succeeded in photographing specimens not too small, direct from nature. The plates in the book are the measure of their success. Thanks are due to Dr. Lucien M. Underwood, of Columbia University, for his never-failing readiness to give encouragement and valuable assistance; also Mrs. E. G. Britton, who has named most of the mosses collected by the author and has been ever ready to suggest works for reference and to render assistance in other ways. Thanks also are due to Dr. Howe, of the New York Botanical Gardens, and to Dr. Curtis, of Columbia, for assistance with certain subjects; and especially to Mr. Williams, a moss and lichen specialist of the New York Botanical Gardens, who named the lichens pictured in the book and undertook the laborious task of reading the copy before it was submitted to the publishers. The pen-and-ink drawings were made by the author direct from nature or were redrawn from the works mentioned in the ''Authorities consulted." TABLE OF CONTEXTS PART I - PREFACE I. MOSSES AND LICHENS AT HOME 3 II. How TO KNOW THE LICHENS AND MOSSES AND WHAT THEY ARE DOING ON ROCKS AND TREES General comparison of Mosses and Lichens . 8 Poets' conception of Mosses and Lichens . . 9 Scientists' conception of Mosses and Lichens . 1 1 Soil makers 12 corroding rock 12 decomposing vegetable matter . . . 12 reclaiming marshes 15 Marsh-building on Mt. Marcy . . . . 17 Mosses which build up limestone . . . 17 III. LICHENS IN HISTORY Mention by early Greek philosophers . . 19 Use in dye industry 19 Use as drugs 20 Use as food 20 IV. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF LICHENS Spontaneous generation 22 Dual nature 22 The fungus partner 22 The alga partner 23 Experiments in artificial production of lichens . 24 How a lichen is made 24 Free fungus spore with free algal cell . . 24 Classification of algae associated . . . 25 Classification of fungi associated . . 25 Interest to the collector ..... 26 External beauty and form . . . . 26 Absorbing power of water V. LEAFY-MOSSES Sporophytes in general 30 Sporophyte of Hairy-cap in detail . . -35 How spores escape from a spore-case . . , 37 How a spore becomes a leafy-moss ... 38 How a spore-case is formed .... 39 How a Hairy-cap procures a maximum amount of light 42 How a Hairy-cap avoids too strong light . 43 Gametophyte 43 Leaves in general 43 Leaves of Hairy-caps 44 Stem 45 Antheridia 46 Archegonia 47 Development of a sporogonium .... 49 Veil or calyptra 50 Spore-case 51 Lid or operculum 51 Teeth or peristome 53 Teeth of Polytrichum Mosses . . . 55 Pedicel or seta 57 Asexual reproduction. Protonema from spores, rhizoids, cellular bodies, sporogonium, leaves, stems, gemmae VI. THE POSITION OF HEPATICS AND MOSSES IN THE PLANT-KINGDOM AS SHOWN BY A COMPARISON OF HOMOLOGOUS PARTS VII. THE HERBARIUM How to collect Hepatics, Mosses and Lichens How to preserve Hepatics, Mosses and Lichens How to study Hepatics, Mosses and Lichens with the naked eye with a lens How to dissect Hepatics, Mosses and Lichens with a compound microscope NOMENCLATURE ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORITIES PART II - LICHENS, GENERA AND SPECIES Genus Cetraria Genus Usnea Genus Thelochistes Genus Parmelia Genus Physcia Genus Umbilicaria Genus Peltigera Genus Sticta Genus Stereocaulon Genus Cladonia PART III - LIVERWORTS OR HEPATICS Ribbon-like or Thalloid Hepatics Marcloantia polymorpha Names of parts Description of development Leafy Hepatics, Scale Mosses and Foliose Hepatics Porella platypbylla Names of parts Genus Porella Genus Frullania Genus Ptilidium Genus Bazzania PART IV - LEAFY-MOSSES Genus Sphagnum The method by which Peat-mosses encroach upon water to form land The pale tint of Peat-mosses The method by which Peat-mosses absorb water The development of organs Synopsis of Genus Sphagnum Genus Andreaea Genus Sphaerangium Genus Phascum Genus Pleuridium Genus Bruchia Genus Archidium Genus Astomum Genus Gymnostomum Genus Weisia Genus Trematodon Genus Dicranella Genus Dicranum Genus Fissidens Genus Leucobryum Genus Octoblepharum Genus Ceratodon Genus Pottia Genus Ditrichum or Leptotrichum Genus Barbula POLYTRICHACEAE Key to Genera 239 Genus Catharinea Genus Pogonatum Genus Polytrichum, with key to species Genus Diphyscium Genus Buxbaumia Genus Fontinalis Genus Neckera Genus Anomodon Genus Climacium Genus Hypnum with synopsis of sub-genera AUTHORITIES CONSULTED INDEX End of Preview
RETURN to Main Titles Index or Outdoor Survival Basics
Please Read The Website Disclaimer!
Copyright 1986-2012, The Survival & Self-Reliance Studies Institute (SSRsi), All
Rights Reserved
Site conceptualized, designed, created & maintained by MEG Raven
Snail Mail: SSRsi, PO Box 2572 Dillon, CO. 80435-2572