This book is included in the Self Reliance - Clothing & Textiles section.
THE writer, as a student in Boston, sought, but did not find, a technical treatise that dealt in a reliable and practical way with modern methods of soap manufacture and of the allied art of glycerin recovery. Numerous books on the subject of soap manufacture the writer at that time found interesting and to a degree instructive, but in later years, when engaged in practical work in the soap industry, the same books were found to be little less than worthless. The books were written by men of no practical knowledge of the art in which they presumed to instruct. Modern methods received no consideration. The information was second-hand, ill digested, and misinterpreted, and for obsoleteness was equalled only by that of the mechanical appliances that were illustrated and described. A description of reasonable methods of glycerin recovery, to say nothing of reliability, considering the advance of the art, found no place. The demand, which always has existed and which has greatly increased with the growth of the industry, for a book that would be of practical value not to the practical man alone, but to the beginner, whether he be employer or employee, is the sole excuse for the present work.
The wide-awake practical man in any industry who is a thoughtful student of the trade literature of his art finds comparatively little help in the now voluminous literature which forms a class of its own called "technical." In a progressive art the technical treatises devoted to it are as a rule several years behind the most improved "shop" methods.
It is the experience of every one who has given the subject any consideration that the practical man who has something worth telling either from motives of his own will not, or from inherent deficiency cannot, write about it. The soap industry has been indebted for its technical literature to those who can write, but who have little if anything worth telling. The writer, admitting candidly that these are the conditions, submits this book to the consideration of the industry, realizing full well that, while he may be classified as he himself has classified, he will receive that measure of approbation that his effort deserves.
This book had its inception when the writer was a student, and represents his fairly conscientious effort to supply the demand
for such a book as he believes the trade desires. He has not attempted to teach the skilled and progressive soap-maker anything that he does not now know. His art is one not learned from books. For such as he the writer has endeavored to supplement his practical knowledge by a systematized discussion of his art as presented in this book. It is to the beginner and to those in the industry who desire to supplement their practical knowledge that the writer's effort in the main has been directed.
The world is coming to realize as it has never done before that the highest privilege accorded to man is to help his fellow man. If this book should be instrumental in helping another, the writer will deem it an exercise of that high privilege, and therein will lie his reward.
This is a small world and all men are brothers. No man, however rare his accomplishments, knows it all. If by circumstance
he be favored, he owes it as his duty as a man to share that favor, for thereby only can he keep it.
It is in this spirit that this book is submitted. It is the writer's contribution to the literature of an industry the status and progress of which in a most intimate sense indicate the degree of a nation's social development.
If this work, regardless of its defects, of which he alone is most conscious, may serve to advance the standard of practical usefulness of books on this subject, the writer's effort and influence will not be inconsiderable.
L. L. L.
Contents CHAPTER I. - THE SOAP INDUSTRY Historical Considerations CHAPTER II. - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER III. - RAW MATERIALS OF SOAP-MANUFACTURE Classification of Raw Materials. Animal Fats and Oils. Beef-fat. Oleo-stearin. Oleo-oil. Tallow. Hog-fat. Lard -stearin and Lardoil. Classification of Animal Soap-stock. Red Oil. Handling of .Tallow in the Factory. Soap-stock of Vegetable Origin. Olive-oil. Olive-oil Foots. Linseed-oil. Cottonseed-oil. Cottonseed-oil Soapstock. Corn-oil. Cocoanut -oil. Palm-oil. Palm-kernel Oil. Peanut oil. Castor-oil. Rosin. Vegetable Soap-stock of Minor Importance. The Alkali Industry. Caustic Soda. Commercial Grading of Sodaash and Caustic Soda. Causticization of Soda-ash by the Soap -manufacturer. Causticization of Soda-ash. Description of Plant. Procedure of Causticization Manufacture of Sal-soda. Potassium Carbonate and Caustic Potash. Salt. Filling Materials. Silicate of Soda. Borax. Talc. Mineral Soap-stock. Starch. CHAPTER IV. - BLEACHING AND PURIFICATION OF SOAP-STOCK General Considerations. Rancidity and Acidity of Stock. Relation of Quality of the Stock to its Glycerin- content. Purification by Treatment with Sulphuric Acid. The Sulphuric Acid-Bichromate Oxidation Process. Procedure. Nature and Valuation of Fullers' Earth. The Filter-press. Bleeching with Fullers' Earth. Press-cake. Bleaching of Palm-oil by Oxygen of the Air. CHAPTER V. - THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOAP-STOCK AND THEIR BEHAVIOR TOWARDS SAPONIFYING AGENTS Classification of Soap-stock. Class I. Cocoanut and Palm-kernel Oils. Class II. Olive-, Corn-, and Cottonseed -oils. Class III. Tallow and Palm-oil. Class IV. Linseed- and Castor-oils. Class V. Red Oil and Rosin. Soap -makers' Percentage. Saponifying Agents. CHAPTER VI. - MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF THE SOAP FACTORY General Construction and Location of Factory. Receipt and Handling of Raw Materials. Caustic Melting- and Storage-tanks. Grinding Caustic Soda. The Soap-kettle. The Rotary Pump. The Strainer. Filler Mixer. The Crutcher. Use of Crutcher. The Frame. The Slabber. The Cutting-table. The Remelter. Drying of Soap. The Dry Room. Installation of Disc-fan. The Foot-press. Pressing Soap. Soap-dies. The Power-press. Soap Wrapping. The Soap-box. Summary of Factory Equipment. CHAPTER VII. - COLD-PROCESS AND SEMI-BOILED SOAP Cold Process Defined. Purity of Ingredients. Proportion of Stock and Lye. Filling. Temperature. Hand- crutched Cold-process Soap. Apparatus. Mixing. Combination in the Frame. Laundry Chipped Soap. Chipping Soap. Cold-process Soap from Fatty Acids. Cold process Toilet-soap. Utilization of Scraps from Cold-process Soap. Final Considerations. Modified Cold Process. Toilet-soap: Procedure. Use of Rosin. Tar Soap: Formula; Procedure. Transparent Soap. Ingredients. Processes. Procedure. Semi-boiled Defined. Scouring or Sand Soap. Selection of Stock for Scouring-soap Base. The Abrasive Agent. Killing Stock. Mixing. Frame Method. Mould Method. Scouring- soap Press. Drying Scouring-soap. Soft Soap. Stock. Procedure. Yield. CHAPTER VIII. - GRAINED SOAP Classification. Grained Process. Graining Agents. Class I. Manufacture of Soap-powder Base. Stock Change. Graining. Strengthening and Finishing. Mixing and Framing. Grinding Soap Powder. Packing Powder. Continuous Method. Scouring-soap Base. Stock Change. Graining. Strengthening and Finishing. Classes Hand III, Influence of Detergents on Textile Fibres. Cotton. Wool. Textile Soap. Wool Textile Soaps. Scouring Raw Wool. Scouring the Woollen Fabric. Milling the Woollen Fabric. Silk Textile Soap. Cotton Textile Soap. Stock for Textile Soap. Soap for Printers' and Dyers' Use, Manufacture of Textile Soap. Red Oil. Combination with Caustic Soda. Combination with Soda-ash. Castile Soaps. Marine or Salt-water Soap. Boiled-down Soap. Procedure. The Mottle. Mottled Soap. Mottling Agents. Filled Mottled Soap CHAPTER IX. - SETTLED ROSINED SOAP Class IV. Rosined Soap. Requirements of Household Soap. Stock. Preparation and Use of Caustic Lye. Stork Change. Stock Lye. Rosin Change. Rosin Lye. Strengthening Change. Strength Lye. Settling Change. Nigre. Utilization of Nigre. Killing Rosin with Soda-ash. Duration of a Boil of Soap. Crutching. Filling. Operating Crutcher. Framing. Yield of Soap. CHAPTER X. - MILLED-SOAP BASE. FLOATING SOAP. SHAVING-SOAP. MEDICATED SOAP. Milled- soap Base. Stock. Stock Change. Strengthening Change. Pickle Change. Settling Change. Framing. Floating Soap. Stock. Procedure. Crutching. Specific Gravity. Drying. Nigre. Waste Lye. Shaving-soap. Medicated Soap. The True Function of Soap as a Medicament. The Disinfectant Power of Common Soaps. CHAPTER XI. - ESSENTIAL OILS AND SOAP PERFUMERY Essential Oils. Chemical Classification. Natural Sources. Methods of Extraction: Mechanical; Maceration; Enfleurage; Indirect Extraction with Volatile Solvents; Direct Extraction with Volatile Solvents; Pistillation. Concentrated Essential Oils. Substitutes for Essential Oils. Natural Musk, Civet, etc. Adulteration. Table of Common and Possible Adulterants of Essential Oils. Examination of Essential Oils. Blending of Perfumes. Soap Perfumery. Perfuming Milled Soap. Perfuming Floating Soap. Perfuming Laundry Soap. Use of Colors. Organic Colors. Inorganic Colors. Application of Colors. CHAPTER XII. - MILLED SOAP Milled Soap. Historical. Preparation of Soap for Milling. Mixing Ingredients. . Mills. Operation of Mill. Plodders. Operation of Plodder. Pressing. Continuous Method. CHAPTER XIII. - CANDLES Historical. Raw Material of Fatty-acid Manufacture. Saponification or Hydrolysis. Lime-saponification Process. Use of Process. Construction of Digester. Operation. Treatment of Sweet-water. Treatment of Fatty Acids. Graining or Seeding. Cold-pressing. Hotpressing. Utilization of Fatty Acids. Acid-saponification Process. Use of Process. Acidification. Construction of Still. Distillation of Fatty Acids. Products of Distillation. 'Utilization of Products. Manufacture of Hydroxy-stearic Acid. Twitchell Process. Sulphoaromatic Fatty Acids. Outline of the Twitchell Process. Application of the Process on an Experimental Scale. Preliminary Acid Boil. The Saponification. Further Considerations. Factory Installations of the Twitchell Process. Summary. Paraffin. Stearin. Stearic Acid. Mixtures of Stearic Acid and Paraffin. Miscellaneous Candlestock. Bleaching Beeswax and "Stearine." The Candle. Preparation of Wick. The Wick. Equipment of the Candle-plant. Meltingkettle. Mixing Ingredients. Coloring Candles. Candle- moulding Machine. Construction. Setting Up and Wicking Candle-machines. Moulding. Operation of Machine. Candle- makers' Tools. Sizes of Candle-machines. Bleaching and Polishing Candles. Classification of Candles. Self-fitting Ends. Operation of Self-fitting-end Machines. Dipping. Unit of Light. Method of Determining the Melting-point of Spermaceti. CHAPTER XIV. - GLYCERIN Historical. Glycerin Obtainable from Fats and Oils. Economic Position of Waste Lye. Waste Lye. Yield. Purification. Procedure. Concentration under Atmospheric Pressure. Principles of Evaporation. Vacuum Evaporators for Waste Lye. Evaporating-plant. Foster Waste-lye Evaporator. Operation. Jobbins Waste-lye Evaporator. Construction. Concentrated Waste Lye. Operation. Products of Concentration. Utilization of Recovered Salt. Crude Glycerin. Distillation of Crude Glycerin. Construction of Reheater and Still. Operation of Still. Expanded and Reheated Steam. Products of Distillation. Construction of Concentrators. Concentration and Utilization of Sweet-water. Concentration of Refined Glycerin. Clarification of Refined Glycerin. Utilization of Glycerin Foots. Garrigues Process of Recovering Glycerin. Operation of Crude Glycerin Plant, Garrigues System. Garrigues Double-effect Evaporator. Garrigues' Process of Glycerin Distillation. Apparatus. Distillation of Crude Glycerin, Garrigues System. Joslin Apparatus for Distillation of Crude Glycerin. Operation. Yield of Glycerin. Glycerin: Origin; Composition; Properties. Nitro-glycerin. Uses of Glycerin. CHAPTER XV. - EXAMINATION OF RAW MATERIALS AND FACTORY PRODUCTS Examination of Raw Materials and Factory Products. Soda-ash: Determination of Total Alkali. Commercial Caustic Soda. Determination of Total Alkali. Determination of Sodium Hydrate. Determination of Sodium Chloride. Soap-stock. Determination of Moisture. Determination of Free Fatty Acids. Color and Odor. Melting-point. Alkali Absorption. Unsaponifiable Matter. Titre Test. Meltingpoint of Fatty Acids. Rosin. Waste Soap Lye. Determination of Total Alkali. Determination of Free and Combined Alkali. Determination of Salt. Determination of Glycerin. Bichromate-oxidation Method. Acetin Method. Examination of Products Obtained in the Recovery of Glycerin. Alkalinity of Glycerin "Foots." To Test Recovered Salt for Sodium Chloride. Determination of Sodium Chloride in Crude Glycerin. Refined Glycerin. Specific Gravity. Salt. Ash. Carbonaceous Residue. Acidity. Color. Characteristics of Dynamite-refined Glycerin. Nitrating Test. Determination of Specific Gravity by the Hydrometer. Examination of Soap. Moisture. Mixed Fatty Acids. Total Alkali. Free Alkali. Alkaline Residue Insoluble in Alcohol. Silica. Insoluble Matter. Rosin. Fatty Acids. Determination of lodin Absorption. Glycerin in Soap. Chlorides and Sulphates. Statement of Results.
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