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Introduction		
The purpose of this work is to furnish the student fireman with a text-book in which the character and arrangement
of the subject matter shall be such as to fulfill the following requirements :
	(1) Provide a course of study adopted to the development of ability to engage in work requiring,
	in its performance, sound logical reasoning and sustained mental effort.
	(2) Show the scientific principles involved in the various operations which firemen perform, and
	connect these principles with the performance, in such manner, that men acquainted with them may
	be capable of the maximum of efficiency in executing these operations.
	(3) Furnish a large number of simple mathematical problems upon matters incident to operations
	performed at fires, including a number upon those features of hydraulics that are peculiarly
	applicable to fire service.

The work is arranged under three headings.
	(1) Mechanics.
	(2) Hydraulics.
	(3) Heat and Combustion.
Under the heading of mechanics the scientific principles involved in handling appliances, raising and extending 
ladders and water-towers are shown, and the forces required in the execution of the various operations are shown
mathematically.

The part that treats of hydraulics deals almost exclusively with the loss of power (represented by pressure), due to
friction where water is forced through hose lines, the carrying distance of streams, and discussion of the principles
involved in those operations.

The principal object it is sought to accomplish, in that part of the work wherein heat and combustion are discussed,
is to show how scientific knowledge acquired from a study of combustion, radiation, and heat diffusion in connection
with industrial enterprises is applicable to conditions under which firemen encounter those forces.

Every statement made in the work bears directly upon the duties which firemen perform in effecting entrance into 
structures wherein there may be an outbreak of fire, or in combating such an outbreak, thus insuring that the mind 
of the student will be continually upon the subject of his duties while pursuing his studies. But while this has been 
the primary consideration, the subject matter has been selected and arranged to furnish the largest amount of 
liberal mental training possible within a space so limited.

The work may be regarded as an introduction into those avenues of science along which the studies of firemen 
should be directed rather than a complete treatment of any of those subjects. Through the whole of the work the 
author has been guided by what appears to be the objects aimed at by the curriculums of our Military and Naval
Academies, for the professional skill, executive ability, and splendid morale of whose graduates we have long 
entertained the most profound admiration.

Table of Contents

Introduction
	PART I - Preface to Part 1 
MECHANICS.
	Motion; Velocity; Acceleration; Laws of accelerated motion; Gravitation; Weight; Center of mass;
	Base; Equilibrium; Stability
MACHINES.
	Weight and power; Limitations of machines; Laws governing machines; Friction; The Lever;
	Forcing doors; Compound levers; Wheel and Axle; Extending sectional ladders; Extending tubes 
	of water towers; The Pulley.
OTHER SIMPLE MACHINES.
	The Inclined Plane; The Wedge.
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO FIREFIGHTING.
	Counterbalancing elongated bodies; Manual power applied to raising bed ladders; Water Towers;
	Rule for finding the center of gravity of masts of water-towers; The Screw; Application of the 
	principles of the screw to the raising of bed ladders; Relative efficiency of the lever and the screw;
	Compound machines; Power required to raise ground rest ladders; Stability of hook and ladder 
	trucks; Angle to which extended ladders may safely be lowered; Positions in which ladders should 
	be placed; Force which an inclined plane exerts upon the perpendicular against which it rests; 
	Pressure at which a stream may be operated from a ground rest ladder; Stability of water-towers.
PUMPING APPLIANCES.
	Parts of a pumping engine; Types of engines and pumps; Steam fire-engine; Internal combustion
	engine; Reciprocating Pump operated in connection with internal combustion engine; Centrifugal 
	Pumps; Gear Pumps.
Practice Exercises Part 1

	PART II - Preface to Part II 
HYDRAULICS.
	Quotations from authorative writers; Critical velocity; Frictional resistance and velocity; Sinuous 
	motion; Computing friction loss.

	PART II. - SECTION I.
	Fluid; Gas and Liquid; Ideal Fluid; Viscosity of liquids; Density of water; Pressure of water; Strength
	of pipes under internal pressure; Equilibrium of fluids in contact; Equilibrium of floating bodies; 
	Buoyancy; Determination of specific weight by experiment.

	PART II. - SECTION II.
FLOW OF WATER.
	Velocity Head; Velocity Flow; Effective Head; Kinetic Pressure distinguished from Static Pressure; 
	Venturi Meter

	PART II. - SECTION III.
FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES AND HOSE LINES.
	Loss of pressure due to friction; Amount of friction depends upon the velocity of flow and size of 
	pipe; Friction loss in pipes of different sizes at a common velocity of flow; Relation between rate of 
	flow and friction in pipes of different sizes; Length of line in feet that will contain one gallon of water;
	Comparison, of computed friction loss, with that shown by tests; Effect of rough hose lining upon 
	friction loss; Analysis of the error in relation to the resistance caused by rough lining; Unlined Hose:
	Simple problems on the acceleration due to gravity; Carrying distance of streams; Velocity of 
	discharge shown from the nozzle pressure; Range of streams; Apparent angle of discharge 
	deceptive; Method of computing the range of projectiles; Effect of the stream's breaking upon the
	range; Effect of nozzle design upon the range of streams; Actual range of streams; Effective range
	of streams; Kinetic energy converted into potential energy; Determining the type of nozzles best 
	fitted for fire service; Relation between size of nozzles and range of streams
Practice Exercises Part II.

	PART III - Preface to Part III 239
HEAT, RADIATION, COMBUSTION, ETC.
	Nature of Heat; Temperature; Sensation an uncertain test of temperature; The Thermometer; 
	Absolute Zero of Temperature.
PRODUCTION AND TRANSFERENCE OF HEAT.
	Sources of Heat; Production of Heat; Diffusion of Heat; Conductivity; Convection.
EFFECTS OF HEAT.
	Expansion; Energy of Expansion; Coefficient of Expansion; Liquification; Solidification; Laws of 
	Fusion;  Vaporization; Condensation; Laws of Evaporization; Ebullition; Distillation.
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT.
	Calorimetry; Thermal Unit; Latent Heat; Specific Heat; Thermal Capacity.
RELATION BETWEEN HEAT AND WORK.
	Correlation of heat and mechanical energy; Scientific study of combustion; Diffusion of Heat and
	the effects of diffusion; Effects of wind and of air currents upon Fires; Similarity of Fires; Design 
	of buildings determine direction in which Fires spread; Strategy in Fire-Fighting.
RADIANT ENERGY.
	Ether; Radiation; Study of radiant energy through its luminous effects; Visible Bodies; 
	Transparency; Velocity of radiant energy; Intensity of radiation that falls upon a surface; Reflection
	of radiant energy.
CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED IN FIRE-FIGHTING AFFECTED BY RADIATION.
	Relative radiating capacity of luminous and nonluminous bodies; Radiation while fires are confined 
	inside buildings; Radiation at exposure fires; Effect of water upon heat and upon radiant energy; 
	Adherence to knowledge founded upon experience.
Practice Exercises Part III

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