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This book is included in the Education section.

NEW YORK: IVISON & PHINNEY. 1859.

Containing Elevations, Plans, and Specifications with Estimates, Directions to Builders, Suggestions as to School Grounds, Furniture, Apparatus, etc., AND a Treatise on School-House Architecture, with Numerous Designs by S.E. Hewes.

Preface
For the past few years Architectural Science has made rapid and decided progress in this country, and, in nearly every description of building, improvements have been made, both in regard to external appearance and internal arrangement. Evidences of this progress may be seen in the superior elegance of the modern public edifices and private residences in our cities and villages, and in the greater comfort and convenience of the later farm-houses in the country. The increase of architectural knowledge has correspondingly developed the taste of the country, which, in its turn, demands a greater amount of knowledge, and thus one step of improvement leads to others still further in advance.

Of all buildings, however, the last to feel this progressive impulse were school-houses, the most important of them all. In cities and large villages, where the necessity exists of erecting large and costly buildings, it is true that public attention has been turned in this direction, and there has been developed a distinctive school architecture which applies the principles of science to the wants and necessities of the school-room; but in country places generally, little attention has been given to the matter, and the principles developed in the city architecture are not applicable to the wants of the smaller district schools.

There has been, however, a manifest improvement in many sections of the country since the condition of school-houses was so thoroughly exposed by the Hon. Horace Mann, in one of his earlier reports to the Massachusetts Board of Education. The first impulse of this movement was given by Mr. Mann, and the superintendents of schools in various parts of the country who followed his lead; but it's extent and success are mainly attributable to the timely and valuable work of Mr. Henry Barnard upon "School-House Architecture." In this work were given models of the best school-houses in the country, reports of superintendents and school-officers, and a great amount of other matter of great value to the schools. It was almost a complete epitome of all that was known concerning school-houses at the time of its publication.

But with this great mass of information collected, there has been little or no effort made to reduce it to system, and develop from it principles of universal application, or to apply architectural sciences to the construction of country school-houses. In most cases the directions given for building have not been sufficiently specific for general use, and hence improved plans have not been adopted as extensively as they would have been under other circumstances

The present work is designed in some measure to supply this deficiency. It contains plans specially adapted to the wants of the country districts, with all the details of building, estimates, bills of materials and labor, specifications, and full and accurate descriptions, so that any ordinary builder can construct a school-house precisely as described. A few plans of a more elaborate character have also been added.

The plans and all the details pertaining to the comfort and convenience of the school-room have been prepared with great care and attention, and in accordance with principles derived from extended observation and years of practical teaching.

The architectural portion of the work has been under the charge of Mr. S. E. Hewes, a gentleman who has a large experience in that department of labor. He has endeavored to embody in architectural forms the principles of construction best adapted to the present condition of our schools. The public will determine the measure of success which has attended these efforts.

With the earnest hope that it may contribute to the improvement of our common schools, this work is respectfully submitted to all who are interested in the cause of education.

CONTENTS
Part I - The Uses of Building and Architecture

Chap. I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BUILDINGS
    Nature of Building -- Of Architecture -- Uses of Building -- Shelter -- Warmth -- Durability -- Materials Used -- Inferior Quality -- Labor -- Job Work -- True Economy -- Important Caution

Chap. II. ARCHITECTURE AN EDUCATIONAL INFLUENCE
    Use -- Proper Province of Architecture -- Taste -- Material Pursuits -- Refinement -- Change of Sentiment -- Evidences of Change -- Effects -- Influences which Affect Taste -- Architectural Ideas -- Proportion -- Symmetry -- Variety -- Harmony -- Effects of Harmony -- Plan -- Unity -- Architecture in the Old World -- Effect of Beautiful Forms -- Principles Applied to School-Houses -- Appearance of School-Houses -- Results of Architectural Principles

Chap. III. FAULTS OF OUR PRESENT SCHOOL HOUSES
    Unsightliness -- Characteristics -- Exposure -- Smallness of Size -- Ventilation -- Poor Construction -- Uncomfortable Seats -- Want of Playgrounds -- Proximity to the Street -- Outbuildings -- Decency Outraged -- Conclusion

Part II - Principles to be Observed
Chap. I. HEALTH
    Necessity of Preserving Health -- Location -- Stagnant Water -- Decaying Vegetation -- Unwholesome Manufactures -- Noise in the Street -- Dust -- Size of the Room -- Vitiated Air -- Means of Ventilation -- Amount of Air Necessary -- Effects of Foul Air -- Seats and Benches -- Too High -- Without Backs -- Cleanliness

Chap. II. EXTERNAL ARRANGEMENT
    School Lot -- Size -- Situation -- Position of School Buildings -- Distance from Street -- Separate Yards -- Outside Structure -- Double Porch -- Wood House -- Privies -- Walks -- Door Steps -- Scrapers -- Fences

Chap. III. INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT
    Size of the School Room -- Amount of Area and Quantity of Air per Scholar -- Shape of Room -- Side Rooms -- Clothes Rooms -- Cases -- Recitation Rooms -- Seats and Desks -- Methods of Placing -- Facing the Entrance of the Room - Space in Front -- Aisles -- Position of Stove -- Black-Board -- Platform

Chap. lV. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION
    Style -- No Style -- Greek Architecture -- Objects -- Peculiarities -- Adaptedness to School Houses -- Gothic Forms -- Origin -- Peculiarities -- Necessary Conditions -- General Design of the Plans given -- Economy -- Convenience -- Health -- Ornament

Chap. V. LIGHT, HEAT AND VENTILATION
    Light -- Quantity -- Distribution -- Cross Lights -- High Windows -- Windows in Front -- Blinds -- North Light -- Sky Light -- Heat -- Furnaces -- Stoves -- Kinds of Stoves -- Situation -- Ventilation -- Philosophy of Ventilation -- Methods of Effecting It -- Fines -- Chimneys -- Registers -- Management -- Construction of Windows

Part III - Elevations, Plans, and Details of Building
Chap. I. PRELIMINARY
    Variety and Uniformity -- Economy -- Higher Considerations -- Series of Uniform Plans -- More Elaborate Plans -- Union Schools -- Ornamental Plans -- Materials of Construction -- Designs and Drawings -- Prices

Chap. II. CHEAP HOUSES OF WOOD
    Form Adopted -- Design of Each Part -- Outside Finish -- Design No. 1 -- Size -- Explanation of Plan -- Details of Building -- Frame -- Foundation -- Windows and Frame -- Doors -- Ventilating Top -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Specifications -- Design No. 2 -- Plan -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Design No. 3 -- Plan -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Design No. 4 -- Plan -- Details of Building -- Window -- Door Frame and Casing -- Window Frame -- Bills of Materials and Labor

Chap. III. CHEAP HOUSES OF BRICK
    General Design -- Porches -- Design No. 5 -- Details of Building -- Foundation and Walls -- Windows and Doors -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Specifications -- Design No. 6 -- Details of Building -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Design No. 7 -- Details of Building -- Window -- Door -- Bills of Materials and Labor -- Design No. 8 -- Details of Building -- Cornice -- Windows -- Doors -- Bills of Materials and Labor

Chap. lV. HOUSES OF VARIOUS STRUCTURE
    Design No. 9 -- Octagonal Forms -- Advantages -- Objections -- Improvements in Appearance -- Plan -- Cost -- Larger Plan -- Description -- Design No. 10 -- Description -- Cost -- Plan -- Design No. 11 -- Description -- Where Best Situated -- Cost -- Plan -- Explanations

Chap. V. UNION SCHOOL HOUSES
    System of Instruction -- Course of Study -- Discipline -- Primary and Advanced Classes -- Difference in Discipline and Instruction -- Seats -- Range of Study -- Number of Classes -- Graded Schools - Character -- Advantages -- Time Saved -- Primary Schools -- Intermediate Schools -- High Schools -- The University -- Normal Schools -- Work Schools -- Results -- Employment of Women -- Effects -- Union Schools -- Economical Arrangement -- Character of Plans Given -- Design No. 12 -- Description -- Cost -- Plan -- Another Plan -- Design No. 13 -- Description -- Proper Situation -- Plan -- Design No. 14 -- Description -- Cost -- Plan -- Teachers' Residences -- Frequent Changes of Teachers -- Bad Results -- Remedy -- Design No. 15  -- Description -- Perpendicular Lines -- Horizontal Spaces -- Cost -- Plan -- Design No. 16 -- General Forms -- Circle -- Square -- Deformity -- Italian Style -- Peculiarities -- Description -- Cost -- Plan -- Design No. 17 -- Buildings Too Small -- Necessary Room -- Compromise -- Description -- Cost -- Plan

Chap. VI. ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS
    General Principle -- Plainness -- Harmony and Contrast -- Adaptation to Different Situations -- Important Caution -- Principle of Applying Ornaments -- Prediction -- Design No. 18 -- Exterior -- Uses of Parts -- Appearance -- Suggestion -- Plan -- Increase of Size -- Cost -- Design No. 19 -- Norman Style -- Situation -- Appearance -- Modifications -- Plan -- Cost -- Design No. 20 -- English Cottage Style -- Irregular Outline -- Form not Economical or Convenient -- Tower -- Situation -- Cost -- Plan

Part IV - Miscellaneous
Chap. I. SCHOOL HOUSE FURNITURE
    Present Condition -- What is Demanded -- Kinds of Furniture -- Special Conditions -- Arrangement -- Single and Double Desks -- Directions for Constructing Desks -- Table of Heights -- Primary Seats and Desks -- Intermediate -- Grammar-School Seats and Desks -- Cheaper Furniture -- Ink Stands -- Ross' Ink Well -- Satterlee's School Ink Stand -- Recitation Seats -- Teacher's Chair -- Extra Chairs -- Teacher's Table and Desk -- Library Cases -- French's Method of Seating -- Woodcock's Patent -- Cost of Furniture -- General Furniture -- Scrapers -- Mats -- Brooms and Brushes -- Pails -- Wash Basin -- Umbrella Stand -- Clothes Hooks -- Fire Apparatus -- Clock -- Thermometer

Chap. II. APPARATUS
     Mistaken Notions -- Simple Apparatus -- General Apparatus -- Blackboards -- Necessity and Use -- Position -- Directions for Making -- Black Wall -- Paper Surface -- Slates -- Crayon -- Wipers -- Globes -- Apparatus for Primary Schools -- Objects to be Gained -- Natural Objects -- Form -- Geometric Forms -- Specimens of the Animal Kingdom -- Plants and Trees - Minerals and Crystals -- Size -- Measures -- Tables of Measure -- Applications -- Weight -- Balance -- Methods of Use -- Color -- Objects Illustrating Color -- Order  -- How Cultivated -- Classification -- Results -- Cabinet -- Metals -- Minerals -- Chemical Products -- Vegetation - Grains - Products of the Sea -- Manufactured Articles -- Applications -- Slates -- Playthings -- Cards and Pictures -- Numerical Frame -- Special Apparatus -- Maps -- Outlines -- Philosophical Apparatus -- Examples -- Tellurion -- Magnet -- Orrery -- Mirrors and Lenses -- Fixtures

Chap. III. OUTBUILDINGS
    General Neglect of Proper Outbuildings -- Extract from New York Reports -- Extract from Connecticut Reports -- Number of Privies -- Situation -- Character -- Principles to be Observed -- Necessity of a School Lot -- Reforms Needed -- General Construction -- Double Privy -- Defects -- Privy for Girls' Yard -- Privy for Boys' Yard -- Locks -- Teacher's Duty -- Custom of Some Teachers

Chap. lV. ARRANGING AND ORNAMENTING GROUNDS
    Grounds, why Needed -- Place for Exercise -- Necessity of Exercise -- Health -- Mental Development -- Systematic Exercise -- Character and Importance of Play Grounds -- Gymnastic Apparatus -- Ornamenting Grounds -- Trees -- A.J. Downing's Remarks Upon Trees -- Elements of Beauty and Variety -- Effect of Trees -- Selecting Trees -- Varieties that Harmonize with the Landscape -- Kinds of Trees -- Arrangement -- Straight Rows -- Single Trees -- Groups -- Principles of Grouping -- Openings -- Shrubs -- Hedges -- How Arranged -- Flowers -- Conclusion

End of Preview.

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