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PREFACE.
THAT at least an elementary knowledge of the subject of building
stones and clay products is of importance to the architect
few people will deny, since familiarity with their properties,
durability, and, in the case of clay products, their methods of
manufacture will enable him to select and use these materials
more intelligently.
At the same time, the preparation of an elementary work on
the subject is not free from difficulties, for the reason that most
architects have but a limited knowledge of geology and ceramic
technology. The author has, therefore, attempted to state facts
and explanations as simply as possible, and as a further aid in
this direction has included a glossary at the end of the book.
The general arrangement of the book follows the course of
lectures given each year to the students in the College of Architecture
of Cornell University, and it has been the encouraging
reception which these received that has led the author to give
them to the public.
The work is not intended as an exhaustive treatise, but, in stead,
aims to give simply the fundamentally important facts. It is
therefore, beyond the scope of the book to take up any but
the more important occurrences of building stone, and those
who desire detailed information on this point will consult our
standard American work, "Stones for Building and Decoration"
by G. P. Merrill.
Since the architect often desires to know how extensively
and for what purposes the different building stones have been
used, an attempt has been made to give a list of structures in
which the more important ones at least have been placed.
The author wishes to acknowledge here assistance and advice
received from many persons in the preparation of the work
including Mr. E. C. Stover, Trenton Potteries Co., Trenton, N. J. ;
Mr. W. H. Gorsline, Rochester, N. Y.; Prof. C. W. Parmalee,
Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.
Acknowledgments for cuts or photos loaned are made under
the respective illustrations.
HEINRICH RIES.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.;
June, 1912.
CONTENTS
PART I. - BUILDING STONES. CHAPTER I. - ROCK MINERALS AND ROCKS Introduction, 3; Rock-forming minerals, 5; Physical properties, 5; Hardness, 6; Cleavage, 6; Lustre, 6; Form, 6; Quartz, 7; Feldspars, 7; Orthoclase, 7; Plagioclase feldspar, 7; Micas, 8; Amphibole, 9; Hornblende, 9; Tremolite, 9; Pyroxene, 9; Calcite, 10; Aragonite, 10; Dolomite, 10; Gypsum, 10; Serpentine, 11; Talc or steatite, 11; Olivine, 11; Garnet, 11; Chlorite, 11; Pyrite or iron pyrite, 12; Magnetite, 12; Limonite, 12; Rocks, 12; Igneous rocks, 12; Granite, 18; Pegmatite, 18; Syenite, 23; Diorite, 23; Gabbro, 23; Peridotite, 23; Pyroxenite, 23; Granite porphyry, 23; Syenite porphyry, 23; Diorite porphyry, 24; Felsite, 24; Basalt, 24; Stratified rocks, 24; Sandstone, 29; Conglomerate, 29; Shale, 29; Limestone, 29; Chalk, 30; Calcareous tufa, 30; Travertine, 30; Onyx, 30; Coquina, 30; Dolomite, 30; Metamorphic rocks, 30; Quartzite, 30; Slate, 30; Phyllite, 31; Marble, 31; Ophicalcite, 31; Gneiss, 31; Schist, 31; Structural features affecting quarrying, 31; Bedding, 32; Joints, 32. CHAPTER II. - PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONE Texture, 36; Hardness, 36; Color, 37; Variation in color, 38; Change of color, 38; Polish, 40; Specific gravity and porosity, 40; Absorption, 44; Quarry water, 44; Crushing strength, 44; Transverse strength, 51; Frost resistance, 54; Fire resistance, 55; Expansion and contraction of building stones, 69; Abrasive resistance, 70; Discoloration, 73; Effect of sulphurous acid gas and dilute sulphuric acid, 74; Effect of carbonic acid gas, 74; Chemical composition of building stones, 75; Weathering and decay of building stones, 75; Disintegration, 76; Temperature changes, or heat and cold, 76; Expansion caused by freezing, 79; Abrasive action, 80; Plant action, 80; Careless methods of extraction and working, 80; Decomposition, 81; Sulphurous and sulphuric acids, 85; Hardening of stone on exposure, 85; Life of a building stone, 86; Sap, 87; Literature on building stones, 87; General works, 87; Serials, 88; Special papers, 88. CHAPTER III. - IGNEOUS ROCKS (CHIEFLY GRANITES) AND GNEISSES Characteristics of granites, 94; Elasticity, 94; Flexibility, 94; Expansibility, 95; Porosity, 95; Fire resistance, 95; Chemical composition, 95; Classification, 95; Structure of granites, 96; Sheets or beds, 96; Knots, 96; Inclusions, 99; Dikes, 99; Black granites, 99; Tests of granite, 99; Uses of granite, 105 ; Distribution of igneous rocks (chiefly granites) and gneisses in the United States, 105; Eastern belt, 105; Maine, 106; North Jay, 106; Crotch Island, 106; Hallowell, 106; Vinalhaven and Hurricane Islands, 109; Red Beach, 109; Addison, 109; Jonesboro, no; Blue Hill, no; Brookville, no; Dix Island, no; Clark's Island, no; Machias, no; Pleasant River, no; Stonington, no; Classification of Maine granites, no; New Hampshire, in; Concord, in; Milford, 112; Conway, 112; Auburn, 112; Troy, 112; Fitzwilliam, 112; Mascoma granite, near Enfield, 113; Classification of New Hampshire granites, 113; Vermont, 116; Hardwick, 116; Barre, 116; Bethel, 116; Woodbury, 119; Windsor, 119; Massachusetts, 120; Milford, 120; Rockport, 120; Chester, 125; Quincy, 125; Classification of Massachusetts granites, 125; Rhode Island, 128; Westerly, 128; Connecticut, 128; Branfprd township, 131; Greenwich, 131; Waterford township, 131; Millstone, 131; Groton, 132; Market price of granites, 136; New York, 137; New Jersey, 137; Pompton pink granite, 138; Dover light gray granite gneiss, 138; Cranberry Lake white granite gneiss, 138; German Valley gray granite, 138; Trap rock, 138; Maryland, 138; Granites, 141; Port Deposit, 141; Ellicott City, 141; Guilford, 141; Woodstock, 141; Frenchtown area, 142; Gneisses, 142; Virginia, 142; Petersburg area, 142; Richmond area, 142; Fredericksburg area, 145; Other localities, 145; North Carolina, 145; Even granular granites, 146; Coastal plain, 146; Piedmont plateau region, 146; Greystone, 149; Raleigh, 149; Wise, 149; Rowan County, 149; Mount Airy, 149; Porphyritic granites, 149; Miscellaneous rocks, 150; South Carolina, 150; Heath Springs, 153; Columbia, 153; Georgia, 154; Elberton-Ogelsby-Lexington area, 154; Lithonia-Conyers-Lawrenceville area, 154; Fairburn-Newman-Greenville area, 154; Stone Mountain area, 155; Sparta area, 155; Alabama, 155; Wisconsin-Minnesota area, 155; Wisconsin, 155; Montello, 155; Berlin, 156; Warren, 156; Waupaca, 156; Wausau, 157; Amberg, 157; Minnesota, 157; Southwestern area, 158; Missouri, 158; Graniteville, 158; Knob Lick, 158; Arkansas, 159; Oklahoma, 159; Wichita Mountains, 159; Arbuckle Mountains, 159; Texas, 160; Cordilleran area, 160; Montana, 160; Colorado, 160; California, 161; Rocklin, 161; Raymond, 161; Riverside County, 161; Oregon, 161. CHAPTER IV. - SANDSTONES Texture, 162; Hardness, 162; Color, 163; Absorption, 163; Crushing strength, 163; Weathering qualities, 165; Fire resistance, 165; Varieties of sandstone, 165; Arkose, 165; Bluestone, 165; Brownstone, 165; Calcareous sandstone, 165; Ferruginous sandstone, 166; Flagstone, 166; Freestone, 166; Graywacke, 166; Quartzite, 166; Distribution of sandstones and quartzites, 166; New England States, 166; Eastern Atlantic States, 167; New York, 167; Medina sandstone, 167; Potsdam sandstone, 167; Warsaw blue stone, 168; Hudson River bluestone, 168; New Jersey, 168; Pennsylvania, 169; Maryland, 169; Virginia, 170; West Virginia, 170; Alabama, 170; Central States, 170; Ohio, 170; Indiana, 173; Illinois, 174; Michigan, 174; Wisconsin, 174; Minnesota, 175; Missouri, 176; Arkansas, 176; Western States, 176; Montana, 176; Colorado, 176; Washington, 177; California, 177. CHAPTER V. - LIMESTONES AND MARBLES Limestones and dolomites, 178; Color, 178; Hardness, 178; Texture, 178; Absorption, 181; Weathering qualities, 181; Crushing strength, 181; Fire resistance, 181; Tests of limestone, 181; Chemical composition, 183; Varieties of limestone and dolomite, 183; Chalk, 183; Coquina, 183; Dolomite, 183; Fossiliferous limestone, 183; Hydraulic limestone, 183; Lithographic limestone, 183; Magnesian or dolomitic limestone, 184; Marble, 184; Oolitic limestone, 184; Travertine, calcareous tufa, or calc sinter, 184; Distribution of limestone in the United States, 184; New York, 189; New Jersey, 189; Pennsylvania, 189; Maryland, 190; Virginia, 190; West Virginia, 190; Alabama, 190; Florida, 191; Illinois, 191; Indiana, 191; Kentucky, 192; Ohio, 192; Wisconsin, 192; Minnesota, 195; Missouri, 196; Iowa, 196; Kansas, 196; Texas, 197; Cordilleran region, 197; Marbles, 197; Mineral composition, 197; Color, 198; Texture, 198; Weathering qualities, 201; Absorption, 201; Crushing and transverse strength, 201; Uses of marbles, 201; Distribution of marbles in the United States, 202; Vermont, 202; Light marbles, 207; Dark marbles, 213; Ornamental or fancy marbles, 213; Champlain marbles, 214; Massachusetts, 215; Connecticut, 215; New York, 215; Pennsylvania, 216; Maryland, 216; Virginia, 217; North Carolina, 217; Tennessee, 218; Georgia, 218; Alabama, 223; Missouri, 223; Colorado, 223; Arizona, 223; California, 224. CHAPTER VI. - SLATE Classification of slate, 225; Properties of slate, 229; Sonorousness, 229; Cleavability, 229; Cross-fracture, 229; Character of cleavage surface, 229; Lime, 229; Color and discoloration, 229; Presence of clay, 229; Presence of marcasite, 230; Strength, 230; Toughness or elasticity, 230; Density or specific gravity, 230; Abrasive resistance, 230; Corrodibility, 230; Electrical resistance, 230; Tests of slates, 233; Price of slate, 235; Quarrying, 236; Distribution of slate in the United States, 236; Maine, 237; Vermont, 237; Sea green slate, 237; Unfading green slate, 237; Purple and variegated, 237; New York, 238; New Jersey, 238; Pennsylvania, 238; Maryland, 241; West Virginia, 241-; Virginia, 241; Georgia, 241; Arkansas, 241; California, 242. CHAPTER VII. - SERPENTINE Distribution of serpentine in the United States, 243; Massachusetts, 244; Vermont, 244; New York, 244; New Jersey, 244; Pennsylvania, 244; Maryland, 249; Georgia, 249; California, 249; Washington, 249; Onyx marbles, 249. PART II. - CLAY PRODUCTS. CHAPTER VIII. - PROPERTIES OF CLAY Physical properties, 253; Plasticity, 253; Shrinkage, 254; Tensile strength, 255; Fusibility, 255; Chemical properties, 256; Analyses of clay, 258. CHAPTER IX. - BUILDING BRICK Kinds of brick, 259; Raw materials used for building brick, 263; Common brick, 263; Pressed brick, 263; Enameled brick, 264; Methods of brick manufacture, 264; Preparation, 264; Molding, 265; Soft mud process, 265; Stiff mud process, 269; Dry press and semi-dry press process, 275; Re-pressing, 276; Drying, 276; Burning, 279; Comparison of brick made by different processes, 283; Testing of brick, 284; Crushing test, 284; Transverse test, 294; Absorption test, 296; Rate of absorption, 300; Permeability, 301; Relation between crushing strength, transverse strength, and absorption, 302 ; Fire tests, 302; Coefficient of expansion, 305; Frost test, 305; Proposed standard specifications for building brick, 307; Selection of samples, 307; Transverse test, 307; Compression test, 308; Absorption test, 308; Freezing and thawing tests, 308; Requirements, 309; Specific gravity, 309; Efflorescence or scum on bricks, 312; Testing bricks for scumming power, 313; Requisite qualities of brick, 314; Common brick, 314; Pressed brick, 314; Enameled brick, 317. CHAPTER X. - ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA Definition, 320; Raw materials, 320; Method of manufacture, 320; Properties of terra cotta, 324; Testing terra cotta, 324; Terra cotta scum, 328; Fire-resisting properties, 328. CHAPTER XI. - HOLLOW-WARE FOR STRUCTURAL WORK AND FIREPROOFING Types of hollow-ware, 333; Raw materials and manufacture, 333; Fireproofing, 334; Furring blocks, 338; Hollow block and brick, 338; Tests of hollow blocks, 340; Fire tests, 346. CHAPTER XII. - ROOFING TILE Shingle tile, 349; Old Spanish, Normal, Mexican, Mission or Roman tile, 350; Modern Spanish or S tiles, 350; Interlocking tile, 351; Materials and manufacture, 352; Porosity of roofing tiles, 352; Requisite characters of roofing tile, 359; Tests of roofing tile, 359; Miscellaneous clay slabs, used for roofing purposes, 360; Special shapes, 360. CHAPTER XIII. - WALL AND FLOOR TILE Manufacture of wall tile, 363; Properties of floor tile, 365; Method of manufacture, 366; Tests of wall tile, 369; Tests of floor tile, 369. CHAPTER XIV. - SEWER PIPE AND SANITARY WARE Sewer pipe, 372; Raw materials, 372; Manufacture, 372; Requisite qualities, 374; Strength, 374; Durability, 377; Serviceability, 377; Specifications, 377; Iowa standard specifications for drain tile and sewer pipe, 379; Absorption tests, 379; Bearing strength, 380; Computing the Modulus of Rupture, 381; Other proposed standard tests, 382; Miscellaneous tests, 384; Other hollow shapes, 385; Sewer blocks, 386; Sanitary ware, 388; Vitreous ware, 388; Solid porcelain, 388; Raw materials, 388; Manufacture, 388; Properties of sanitary ware, 388; Glossary, 390.
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