This book is included in the Self Reliance Shelter section.
INTRODUCTORY
WITH the expiration of Edison's master-patent for the carbon
incandescent electric lamp, the attention of electric light
engineers, as well as of all those who use the light, is once
more directed to the consideration of the lamp itself, to the
possibility of obtaining better lamps, and to the probable
reduction in price which will naturally follow. Owing to
the long prevailing monopoly in the sale and manufacture,
there has been little inducement for those interested to experiment
and to study the problems connected with the incandescent
lamp. As a result of this, the literature of the lamp is
very scanty, and is entirely confined to the pages of the leading
technical journals. While dynamos, alternators, transformers,
arc lamps, and almost every piece of apparatus connected
with electrical engineering and lighting, have been written on
at length and discussed at meetings of scientific societies, the
incandescent electric lamp, which has been the chief cause
of the very existence of these machines and apparatus, has
been comparatively neglected. With the exception of the
valuable series of articles by Mr. Swinburne which appeared
in The Electrician six years ago, no comprehensive or detailed
account of lamp manufacture has appeared. The manufacture of the incandescent lamp and the principles underlying
it are, consequently, but little known, except to those actually
engaged in the work.
As a thorough understanding of the lamp and the possibilities
of its improvement can only be obtained by considering
the various processes of its manufacture, it is probable
that a work on the subject at the present time will be
welcomed by those who are interested therein and have not
had the opportunity of studying it for themselves.
As writers in whose hands this most interesting subject
might have fared better have not essayed to undertake the
task, the Author asks the indulgence of readers for the many
shortcomings which may be apparent to them. This indulgence
will, he feels, be the more readily extended to him when those
interested in the subject understand that " The Incandescent
Lamp and Its Manufacture "
does not profess to at all
exhaust the subject, or to describe nearly all the processes of
manufacture. All that is attempted is to give readers such
information as the Author, in the course of a considerable
experience in lamp-making, has acquired, and to place this
information before them with as little mathematical embellishment
as, under the circumstances, is possible.
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER I. - THE FILAMENT Carbon Filaments. - Filaments of other Substances than Carbon. - Volatilisation of Carbon. - Disintegration of Carbon. - Emissivity of Carbon. - Methods of Preparing Carbon. CHAPTER II. - PREPARATION OF THE FILAMENT Swan's Process of Parchmentising Cotton Thread. - Drying Prepared Thread. - Draw Plates for Cutting Thread. - Squirted Filaments. - Wynne and Powell's Process. - Weston's Process. - Furfurol Process. - Cuprammonia Process. - Other Processes. CHAPTER III. - CARBONISATION Precautions necessary on account of Shrinkage. - Filaments Carbonised on Blocks. - Double-loop Filaments. Method of Packing Filaments in Crucible. - Flat Filaments. - Construction of Furnace. - Pyrometer. - Precautions during Carbonisation. - Unpacking the Crucibles. CHAPTER IV. - MOUNTING Use of Platinum. - Various Methods of joining the Filament to the Wires. - Mechanical Joints. - Deposited Carbon Joints. - Socket Joints. - Butt Joints. - Apparatus and Details for making Deposited Joints. CHAPTER V. PAGE - FLASHING Uses of Flashing. - Flashing to Resistance (hot or cold). - Effects of Flashing. - Flashing in Gas at Atmospheric Pressure. - Vacuum Flashing. - Gasoline or Pentane Flashing. - Quality of Deposited Carbon. - E.M.F. required for Flashing. Extent of Surface with Flashed and other Carbon. - Effect of Reduction in Resistance due to Flashing on the Voltage, etc. CHAPTER VI. - SIZES OF FILAMENTS (UNFLASHED) Circular Filaments. - Square Filaments. - Flat Filaments. - Hollow Filaments. CHAPTER VII. - SIZES OF FILAMENTS (FLASHED) Curves showing Sizes - Before and After Flashing. - Filaments with Resistance Cold Double the Hot Resistance. CHAPTER VIII. - MEASURING THE FILAMENTS Screw Micrometer Gauge. - Trotter Gauge. - V-slot Gauge - Optical Method. CHAPTER IX. - GLASS MAKING Glass Furnace. - Crucibles. - Making Lamp Bulbs and Tubing. CHAPTER X. - GLASS BLOWING Cannon Blow-Pipe. - Large and Small Flames. - Precautions in Working Lead Glass. - Compound Blow-Pipe - Air Supply for Blow-Pipes. - Lamp Bulbs Blown from Tubing. CHAPTER XI. - SEALING-IN Description of Process. - Annealing. - Spotted Bulbs. - Cutting Glass-Tubing. - Grinding Stoppers, etc. CHAPTER XII. - EXHAUSTING Necessity for Exhausting. - Mercurial Air-Pump. - Pumps of Geissler, Laue-Fox, Toepler, Swinburne, Sprengel. - Pumps Arranged for Factory Work. - Methods of Lifting the Mercury. - Shortened Pumps. - Weston's Pump. Sawyer-Mann Pump Room. - Kennedy's Pump. - Application of Current to Lamps during Exhaustion. - Heating the Lamps. - Air Film in Pumps. - Method of Constantly Maintaining Vacuum in Pump. - Moisture in Lamps and in Pumps. - Method of Joining the Lamps to the Pumps. - Pump-Room Blow-Pipe. - Testing the Vacuum. - McLeod Vacuum Guage. - Induction Coil Test. - Clearing and Distilling Mercury. - Mechanical Pumps. - Giminghain's Pump. - Rotary Pump. CHAPTER XIII. - TESTING Testing by Eye. - Photometer Testing. - The Photometer. - Wattmeter. - Meaning of Candle-power. - Candle-power of Flat Filaments. CHAPTER XIV. - CAPPING Caps. - Methods of attaching by Plaster. CHAPTER XV. - EFFICIENCY AND DURATION Temperature and Efficiency. - Falling-off in Candle-power. - Effect of Variation in Pressure on the Candle-power. - Causes of Falling-off in Candle-power. - Effect of Fall in Resistance. CHAPTER XVI. - RELATION BETWEEN LIGHT AND POWER Tests of Four Lamps. - Calculation of Candle power at any Voltage. INDEX TO CONTENTS
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