This book is included in the Self Reliance Primitive Industry section.
PREFACE to the First Edition.
Most practical chemists and manufacturers have long felt the want of uniformity in analytical methods, tables of specific gravities, etc., employed by buyers and sellers for the valuation of chemicals, and by
manufacturers for controlling and superintending their various processes. Want of uniformity in this respect is constantly leading to disagreements, and prevents exact comparison of results.
In order to terminate the confusion, Mr. Stroof, manager of the Griesheim Alkali Works, suggested to the German Society of Alkali Makers that they should have a standard manual published. This suggestion was adopted, a committee of seven, of owners and managers of high reputation, was appointed, and the first of the undersigned was induced to collect and sift the material for such a manual.
The first condition imposed upon him was to state only one method for each analytical operation for the preparation of standard solutions and for sampling the materials. Only one method was to be chosen, in order that no discrepancies might arise, which would certainly happen if two or more methods had been introduced.
In selecting the one standard method, the first and most important consideration was, that the method should permit a certain indispensable degree of accuracy. No pains were spared to arrive at a satisfactory result in this respect. Where there was a choice between several equally accurate methods, the one occupying least time and requiring least apparatus, or one already widely known and employed, was preferred.
The author prepared a draft, which, together with various suggestions from others, was fully discussed at the several meetings of the committee. These meetings were held at ..intervals of six and twelve months respectively, in order to give the author and his assistants time to carry out experimental researches, to clear up any doubtful points. Most of these experiments have been described in a report published partially in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1882, pp. 12, 55, and 91. Public criticism was then invited, and several important contributions were thus obtained. "Ultimately, after the complete manuscript had been circulated among the members of the committee, it was agreed to on all points.
The methods described in this little work are thus acknowledged by the united voice of the German Alkali and Ammonia manufacturers as the most suitable, and are not the arbitrary choice of the author. Many of the processes, the description of which frequently only occupies a few lines, are the result of many a month of arduous labour, and of subsequent anxious
discussion by all concerned.
The want of standard table 3 of specific gravities of various solutions, was felt quite as much as the want of standard analytical methods. For some substances such tables had never been constructed, and for very few substances indeed were the data provided to reduce the specific gravity of the solution to a normal temperature. The author and his colleagues have striven to remedy this defect by a careful examination of the
existing tables, and by supplying now ones where required.
In addition a number of general tables, useful to alkali manufacturers, have been provided. Every care has
been taken to ensure the accuracy of these tables, many of them, particularly those referring to atomic weights, percentage composition, and analytical factors, having been entirely recalculated.
The German edition, the small compass of which but little betrays the labour expended upon it, was issued with the expectation that it would be accepted as a standard work by all German Alkali manufacturers, by their customers, and by commercial analysts. This expectation has already been realized in a great measure. It has already become customary to make these analytical methods and specific gravity tables binding in all transactions between buyers and sellers, until the progress of science necessitates the substitution of more accurate methods and tables in future editions.
From many sides the desire has been expressed that this little work should be made accessible to the English public. For this purpose the co-operation of the second of the undersigned was obtained. To him is due the extensive labour of recalculating all the tables for English weights and measures. In making these calculations every one of the tables was, as far as possible, reconstructed from the original data by graphic interpolation. Errors of computation were avoided as
much as possible by the use of Thomas' Arithmometer and Fuller's Calculator; and the hope is expressed that the tables, based on the English weights and measures, will be found equally reliable as those based on the metric system. The chapters on Deacon's process and on chimney-testing are also due to him, and in general he has adapted the work to suit the wants of English manufacturers. But in no essential particular does this edition deviate from the German, a few additions excepted.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
IN this edition numerous small errors of the first edition, almost unavoidable in such a case, have been corrected, and many minor improvements have been made. Moreover, for reasons explained by one of us in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1890, p. 1013), a considerable number of new methods for analysis have been introduced.
The new tables for specific gravities of sulphuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid, and of liquor ammoniae, constructed with extreme care by one of us, with his assistants, have b3en substituted for the tables of Kolb and Carius contained in the first edition.
All suggestions for alterations which have reached us since the publication of the first edition have been carefully considered, and have been adopted wherever it was possible and consistent with our endeavour to maintain unchanged the general scope and character of the book.
As the size of the page has been somewhat increased, the designation "handbook" has been substituted for "pocketbook" in the title.
G. LUNGE.
F. HURTEK.
ZURICH AND WIDNES,
August, 1891.
GENERAL TABLES Table 1. Atomic Weights, Equivalent Weights (in round numbers), and Valency of Elements 1b. Accurate atomic weights (Ostwald) 2. Symbols, molecular and equivalent weights, and percentage composition of chemical compounds important to the Alkali industry 3. Factors for calculating gravimetric analyses 4. Solubility of different salts 5. Solubility of different salts at different temperatures 6. Solubility of some gases in water 7. Solubility of Ammonia in water by weight 8. Solubility of Chlorine in water 9. Solubility of Hydrogen Chloride in water 10. Specific gravities of different solids 11. Weight of substances as stored 12. Specific gravity of different liquids 13. Specific gravity and percentage of saturated solutions 11. Specific gravity of gases and vapours 15. Linear expansion of different substances 16. Comparison of different thermometric scales by Centigrade degrees as units 16b. By Fahrenheit degrees as units 17. Conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit degrees above 100, and vice versa 18. Fusing points 19. Boiling points 20. Reduction of volumes of gases to a temperature of C 21. Reduction of volumes of gases to a pressure of 760 mm. 21b. Factors for reducing a given volume of gas to normal temperature and pressure 22. Volumes of water at different temperatures 22a. Reduction of water pressure to mercurial pressure . 23. Tensions of aqueous vapour between - 20 and +118 C. 23b. Tensions of aqueous vapour for temperatures above 40 C 24. Tension of aqueous vapour in inches of mercury from 1 to 100 Fah. 24b. Tension of aqueous vapour from 100 to 440 Fah. 25. Variation of boiling point of water with different barometric pressures 26. Specific heats 27. Mathematical tables (circumference and area of circles, squares, cubes, square and cube roots) 28. Formulae for mensuration of areas and solid contents 29. Weights and measures of different countries 30. Tables for reducing English to metrical weights and measures, and vice versa 31. Weight of sheet metals 80 32. Coinage of different countries 33. Air-compression SPECIAL PART 1. FUEL AND FURNACES A. Fuel (Moisture, fixed carbon, ash) B. Furnaces 1. Chimney gases 2. Gas from Producers 3. Speed of draught C. Temperature (Pyrometers) 2. SULPHURIC ACID MANUFACTURE A. Brimstone B. Spent oxide of gas works C. Pyrites. Moisture. Sulphur. Copper. Zinc. Carbonic Acid D. Burnt Pyrites. Sulphur. Copper E. Gases. Burner gases. Chamber exit gases. Sulphur and Nitrogen Acids. Rules of Alkali Makers' Association Nitric Oxide F. Sulphuric Acid 1. Specific gravity of Sulphuric Acid at 60 F. 2. Specific gravity of highly concentrated Sulphuric Acid 3. Specific gravities and percentage of fuming (Nordhausen) Oil of Vitriol at different temperatures 4. Table for reducing the specific gravities of Sulphuric Acid to any other temperature 5. Freezing and melting points of Sulphuric Acid 6. Boiling points of Sulphuric Acid 7. Percentage of S03 in Nordhausen Oil of Vitriol 7A. Quantitative estimation of free Sulphuric Acid 8. Examination of Sulphuric Acid for other substances (a) Nitrous Acid (b) Total Nitrogen acids. Nitrometer, Gas-Volumeter, Quantitative test for Nitrogen acids (c) Lead (d) Iron 9. Analysis of fuming Sulphuric Acid (Nordhausen Acid, Anhydride) 3. SALTCAKE AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID A. Salt (Common Salt, Bock-salt), Moisture, Insoluble, Chlorine Lime B. Saltcake. Free Acid, NaCl, Iron, Residue, Lime, Magnesia, Alumina, Sodium Sulphate C. Chimney-testing, Act of Parliament, Hydrochloric Acid D. Hydrochloric Acid 1. Specific gravities at 15 C 2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity 3. Analysis : HC1, Sulphuric Acid, Iron 4. BLEACHING POWDER AND CHLORATE OF POTASH A. Natural Manganese Ore 1. Manganese Dioxide 2. Carbon Dioxide . 123 3. Hydrochloric Acid required for decomposing . . . . B. Recovered Manganese Mud and Weldon Liquors , . . . 1. MnO., 2. Total Manganese 3. Base 124 C. Limestone : Insoluble, Lime, Magnesia, Iron 125 D. Quicklime : Free CaO, CO, DA. Slaked Lime Table showing amount of Lime in milk of lime . . . . E. Bleaching powder. Available chlorine. Comparison of percentage with French degrees F. Deacon process: HCl, free Cl G. Chlorate of Potash : Chlorate, Chloride, Commercial Chlorate 5. SODA-ASH MANUFACTURE A. Raw Materials: Saltcake, Limestone, Coal (Sulphur) B. Black Ash I. Tests made with the muddy mixture, Free Lime, Total Lime II. Tests made with the clear portion, Sodium Carbonate, Caustic, Sulphide, Sodium Chloride, Sulphate, Carbonated sample C. Tank Waste (Vat Waste), Available Soda, Total Soda, Total and oxidizable Sulphur D. Tank Liquor (Vat Liquor), Sodium Ferrocyanide, Silica, Alumina, Ferric Oxide E. Carbonated Liquors, Bicarbonate F. Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Carlonate, at 15 C., Ditto, at 30 C., Influence of temperature on specific gravities G. Commercial Soda-ash, Comparison of French, German, and English Alkalimetrical degrees II. Caustic Soda 1. Caustic liquor, Specific gravities of solutions of Sodium Hydrate, Influence of temperature on specific gravities 2. Lime Mud 3. Fished salts 4. Caustic bottoms 5. Commercial Caustic Soda 6. SULPHUR RECOVERY (CHANCE PROCESS) 1. Sulphur as Sulphides in vat waste 2. Sulphur as Sulphides in carbonated mud 3. Sulphide-Sulphur + CO2 in vat wastj 4. Sulphur as Sulphide in solutions 5. Soda, Lime, and Thiosulphate in liquors 6. Lime-kiln gases 7. Gas from Gas-holder (H.,S) 8. Exit-gases from the Claus kilns (H,S, SO,) . 7. NITRIC ACID MANUFACTURE A. Nitrate of Soda B. Nitre-Cake 149 C. Nitric Acid 150 1. Specific gravities at 15 C 2. Influence of temperature on specific gravity 3-8. Impurities D. Mixtures of Sulphuric and Nitric Acid 8. POTASH MANUFACTURE A. Potassium Chloride B. Potassium Sulphate C.-H. Limestone, Coal, Black Ash, Tank Waste, Tank Liquor, Carbonated Liquor I. Commercial Carbonate of Potash, Specific gravities of solutions at 15 C, Influence of temperature on specific gravities 9. AMMONIA MANUFACTURE A. Gas Liquor 1. Volatile Ammonia (distillation method) 2. Total Ammonia 3. Total Sulphur 4. Sulphocyanide B. Sulphate of Ammonia 1. Estimation of Ammonia (bromine method) 2. Sulphocyanide C. Specific gravities of Liquor Ammonite D. Specific gravitits of Solutions of Commercial Ammonium Carbonate APPENDIX A. Preparation of Standard Solutions Introductory 1. Normal Acid and Alkali 2. Potassium Permanganate 3. Iodine Solution 4. Sodium Arsenite Solution 5. Silver Solution G. Copper Solution 7. Oxalic Acid Solution B. Rules for Sampling 1. Ores and Minerals 2. Chemicals C. Comparison of the Hydrometer degrees D. Value of Alkali per ton Addendum to p. 86. Checking working of fireplaces and firemen Erratum on page 3 Alphabetical Index
End of Preview.
RETURN to Main Titles Index or
Self Reliance Primitive Industry
Please Read The Website Disclaimer!
Copyright 1986-2012, The Survival & Self-Reliance Studies Institute (SSRsi), All
Rights Reserved
Site conceptualized, designed, created & maintained by MEG Raven
Snail Mail: SSRsi, PO Box 2572 Dillon, CO. 80435-2572