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SYSTEMATIC DRILLING AND BLASTING FOR SURFACE EXCAVATIONS EM 1110-2-3800 1 March 1972 INTRODUCTION Purpose. This manual describes reliable or preferred procedures or concepts of drilling and blasting conducted during rock excavation, in order to aid design and construction personnel in related matters (para 1-4). Drilling and blasting methods described herein are not to be regarded as official Corps of Engineers (CE) policy, but they should be of assistance to CE personnel in establishing policy. The manual is designed principally for the use of geologists and engineers who are given responsibilities in drilling and blasting projects. Such responsibilities may come either in the design or in the construction phase. Applicability. The provisions of this manual are applicable to CE Divisions and Districts concerned with Civil Works design and construction. References. a. Department of the Army publications on related subjects are listed below-: (1) ER 1110-2-1200 Plans and Specifications (2) EM 385-1-1 General Safety Requirements (3) EM 1110-1-1801 Geological Investigations (4) EM 1110-1-1806 Presenting Subsurface Information in Contract Plans and Specifications (5) EP 415-1-261 Construction Inspectors Guide (6) TM 5-332 Pits and Quarries b. Strict adherence to safety precautions in blasting is of utmost importance. Publications specifically on safety in blasting include: Handbook of Electric Blasting Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc., Explosives Division Manufacture, Storage, Transportation and Use of Explosives and Blasting Agents, (1968 Rev Ed.) National Fire Protection Assoc. The following are obtainable from Institute of Makers of Explosives, Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017: Standard Storage Magazines, 1957, Pamphlet 1 Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives, 1960, Pamphlet 17 How to Destroy Explosives, Pamphlet 21 Rules for Storing, Transporting, and Shipping Explosives, Publication 5 American Table of Distances for Storage of Explosives, 1964, Pamphlet 2 Do’s and Don’ts, 1964 Radio Frequency Energy, 1968, Rev Ed., Pamphlet 20 c. A series of CE engineer manuals on rock excavation is anticipated for the future. The drilling and blasting manual for surface excavations is the first of this series. Selected references that describe drilling and blasting procedures and results as well as specific application in construction are cited herein by superscript numbers; these numbers correspond to those in Appendix A, References. Duties of Government Construction Personnel. The Resident Engineer usually bears ultimate responsibility for major decisions but relies on his inspectors and resident geologist for advice. a. Construction Inspector. The construction inspector will determine that blasting methods used by the contractor are in compliance with the requirements of the plans and specifications and also that the work complies with the blasting program and methods submitted by the contractor to the Contracting Officer. Significant deviations will be reported to the Resident Engineer for a decision. The inspector will report on a Government form information concerning the program and blasting method, as discussed in Chapter 8 of this manual. The inspector also should report daily observations and progress of the job to the resident geologist. b. Resident Geologist. The resident geologist should be intimately familiar with the rocks and their properties so that he, in turn, can assist the Resident Engineer regarding blasting progress and any problems that arise. Specifications. a. The principal intent of the specifications is to inform the contractor what the work is to be and the conditions he will encounter. At present, no “Guide Specifications for Civil Works Construction” on drilling and blasting exist. Certain provisions are included in specifications of CE Districts to ensure desired results. Chapter 5 of this manual includes information on basic blasting techniques that may be helpful in preparation of these specifications, and a few sample specifications are presented in Appendix B. b. The contractor can be closely restricted by specifications that require procedures assuring no damage to the excavation or adjacent structures. An advantage of this type of specification is that it gives a legal basis for the Contracting Officer to supervise the contractor’s compliance. Other specifications may allow the contractor relative freedom to choose his procedure as long as the final excavation is satisfactory. Incentive can be included in such specifications; e.g., the contractor may find it to his advantage or disadvantage in concrete payment according to whether his final rock surface (after scaling) falls within the rock excavation tolerances. Working Relationships. A cooperative spirit should be maintained among CE personnel, drillers, and blasting crew if the best results, are to be obtained. Although the inspector monitors the drilling and blasting operations, he does not take over the role of foreman for the contractor, i.e. , should refrain from giving orders directly to workmen. A thorough knowledge of drilling and blasting techniques is the best assurance of a satisfactory job. Chapters 2 through 5 of this manual are intended to help in this regard. Geological Information. The geology of the project can be a major factor in a successful blasting job. The bidding documents should reflect the geological conditions and establish procedures compatible with the results desired. Design memoranda and technical letters covering the geology of the project site should be made available to and be carefully reviewed by the field forces. For details of the effects of geological conditions on blasting, see Chapter 6. Table of Contents Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose Applicability References Duties of Government Construction Personnel Construction Inspector Resident Geologist Specifications Working Relationships Geological Information Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF BLASTING Explanation Partitioning of Energy Peak Pressure and Shock Wave Elastic (Seismic) Waves Air Waves Fragmentation Near an Explosion Zones of Deformation Spalling Combined Role of Expanding Gases Chapter 3. EXPLOSIVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Explanation Properties of Explosives Strength Detonation Velocity Density and Specific Gravity Detonation Pressure Water Resistance Fume Class Ingredients of Explosives Dynamites Straight Nitroglycerin Dynamite High- Density Ammonia (Extra) Dynamite Low- Density Ammonia (Extra) Dynamite Gelatins Blasting Gelatin Straight Gelatin Ammonia Gelatin Semigelatin Blasting Agents (Nitrocarbonitrates) Dry Blasting Agents Slurries Other Explosives TNT PETN Pentolite RDX Composition B Permissible Explosives Black Powder Detonators and Primers Blasting Caps Detonating Fuse Primers and Boosters Chapter 4. DRILLING Introduction Principles of Drilling Rotary Drills Roller Bits Diamond Bits Drag Bits Power Augers Percussive Drills Rotary-Percussive Drills Chapter 5. BASIC SURFACE BLASTING TECHNIQUES Introduction Blasting Patterns Hole Arrays Delay Patterns Arrangement of Charge in Hole General Rock Removal Bench Blasting Spacing and Burden Advantages of Inclined Blastholes Lifters and Snake Holes Varying the Hole Array to Fit Natural and Excavation Topography Charge Distribution Subdrilling Secondary Blasting Coyote Blasting, Trenching, and Cratering Underwater Blasting Underwater Surface Shooting Underwater Blasting in Drill Holes Excavation for Control of Rock Surfaces Presplitting Design of the Presplitting Layout Relation to Main Blast Presplitting Horizontal and Vertical Corners Horizontal Presplitting Smooth Blasting Line Drilling and Close Drilling Precautions in Approaching Final Excavation Surfaces Blasting for Control of Rock Sizes Riprap Aggregate Rock Fill for Dams Chapter 6. MODIFYING BLASTING TECHNIQUES TO FIT GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Exploratory Study Rock Types Seismic Velocity Impedance Compressive and Tensile Strengths Density and Porosity Fractures and Fabric Joint Frequency Cushioning Joint Coatings Orientation of Joints Orientation in Various Geological Settings Adverse Orientations Faults and Breccia Fabric Bedding and Stratification Alternating Rock Types Porous and Permeable Beds Weak Beds or Zones Dipping Strata Catities Weathering Groundwater Chapter 7. DAMAGE PREDICTION AND CONTROL Introduction Airblast Damage from Airblast Propagation of Airblasts Excessive Airblast Pressure Recording Equipment Ground Vibrations Damage from Ground Vibration Recording Equipment Propagation of Ground Vibrations Reducing Vibrations Calibration of Site Vibration Levels Flyrock Chapter 8. DRILLING AND BLASTING IN ROCK EXCAVATION BY CONTRACT General Customary Contract Approach Variation of Customary Approach Considerations in Preparation of Plans and Specifications Stated Principles of Plans and Specifications Pertinent General and Special Provisions Geologic Data Review Plans for Practicality of Excavation Outlines Construction Inspection To Be Expected Blast Records Sequence of Operations Specifying Methods–Obtaining Sound Walls Obtaining Final Grade Specifying and Prohibiting Certain Practices Requiring Gradation Ranges in Blasted Rock Vibration and Damage Control Appendix A - References Appendix B - Typical CE Blasting Specifications Index End of Preview RETURN to Main Titles Index or Self Reliance Firearms & Weaponry
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