This book is included in the Self Reliance Water & Wells section.
Engineer Manual
No. 1110-2-1701
Engineering and Design:
HYDROPOWER
~ * ~
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, K 20314-1000
31 December 1985
1. Purpose. This manual provides guidance on estimating the energy potential of a hydropower site, selecting a project’s installed capacity, determining the need for the project’s output, evaluating hydropower benefits, and estimating powerhouse costs. 2. Applicability. This EM applies to all HQ, USACE\OCE elements and all field operating activities having civil works design responsibilities. 3. General. This manual describes evaluation techniques for both large and small hydro projects, as well as pumped-storage hydro. These procedures can be applied to the modification or rehabilitation of existing hydro projects as well as to new projects. Information is presented on power system operation and the role of hydropower, the development of data for making hydropower studies, the flow-duration and sequential routing techniques of estimating energy potential, the considerations involved in sizing of power plants, computer models available for making power studies, the use of reservoir storage for hydropower, special problem involved in estimating costs for hydro projects, techniques for establishing need for hydro projects, alternative approaches for evaluating hydropower benefits, and the methodology for computing power values. Techniques are presented for evaluating multi-project systems as well as single projects, and for incorporating power production in multiple purpose project or system operation. Appendixes include example calculations, a glossary, a list of references, and a table of conversion factors. w outline of the steps in a hydropower study is provided together with an appendix summarizing the technical material to be presented in a hydropower study report. Information on coordination required with the regional Federal Power Marketing Administrations and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also presented. FOR THE COMMANDER: ARTHUR E. WILLIAMS Colonel, Corps of Engineers Chief of Staff TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose Applicability References Bibliography Glossary Conversion Factors Hydroelectric Design Centers Organization of a Power Study Hydropower Reports Small Hydro Projects Coordination with Other Agencies CHAPTER 2 GENERAL FEATURES OF HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE ROLE OF HYDROPOWER Introduction Power System Operation Organization of the Power Industry Definitions Power Loads Power Resources Reserves Meeting Loads With Resources The Use of Hydropower Types of Hydropower Projects General Run-of-River Projects Pondage Projects Storage Projects Pumped-Storage Projects Deregulating Projects Components of Hydro Projects General Dam Reservoir Intake Penstock Surge Tanks Powerhouse Draft Tube and Tailrace Components of a Powerhouse General Spiral Case and Wicket Gates Turbine Generator Governor Buswork, Circuit Breakers, and Disconnects Transformers Switchyard Control Equipment Auxiliary Equipment Types of Turbines General Impulse Turbines Reaction Turbines Turbine Selection CHAPTER 3 LOAD RESOURCE ANALYSIS Introduction General Scope Purpose of Analysis Scope of Analysis General Major Steps Display of Analysis Authority and Responsibility of the Corps of Engineers Sources of Forecast Data General Regional Reliability Council Reports Regional Power Marketing Administrations Other DOE Offices Utilities National Hydropower Study Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) States Other Sources Load Forecasting Methods Guidelines for Selecting a Forecast Variations in Load Forecasts Level of Conservation in the Forecast Level of Detail Required in Reports General Reconnaissance Phase Studies Detailed Study Phase Basic Steps Peak Load vs. Energy Load Analysis Additional Information Load Forecast Requirements Analysis of Energy Displacement Projects Marketability Analysis Flood Control Act of 1944 Marketability Reports Treatment of Small Projects CHAPTER 4 HYDROLOGIC DATA PREPARATION Introduction Streamflow Records General Data Collection WATSTORE Data Accuracy and Reliability Data from Other Sources Historical Records Adjustment General Natural and Modified Streamflow Conditions Estimating Flow at a Dam site Extension of Historical Records Future Flow Depletions Types of Streamflow Data used in Power Studies General Mean Daily Data Mean Weekly and Monthly Data Flow-Duration Curves Seasonal Flow Distribution Other Hydrologic Data Introduction Tailwater Rating Curves Reservoir Storage-Elevation and Area-Elevation Data Sedimentation Data Water Quality Data Downstream Flow Requirements Water Surface Fluctuation Studies Losses CHAPTER 5 DETERMINING ENERGY POTENTIAL Introduction Purpose and Scope Relationship of Energy Analysis to Selection of Plant Size Types of Hydroelectric Energy General Average Annual Energy Firm Energy Secondary Energy The Water Power Equation General Flow Head Efficiency General Approaches to Estimating Energy Introduction Flow-Duration Curve Method Sequential Streamflow Routing (SSR)Method Hybrid Method Selection of Method Turbine Characteristics and Selection General Useable Head Range Design and Rated Heads Minimum Discharge Efficiency Turbine Selection Matching Turbine to Generator Data Requirements Introduction Routing Interval Stream flow Data Length of Record Stream flow Losses Reservoir Characteristics Tailwater Data Installed Capacity Turbine Characteristics KW/cfs Curve Efficiency Head Losses Non-Power Operating Criteria Channel Routing Characteristics Generation Requirements Flow-Duration Method Introduction Data Requirements Develop Flow-Duration Curve Adjust Flow-Duration Curve Determine Flow Losses Develop Head Data Select Plant Size Define Usable Flow Range and Define Head-Duration Curve Derive Power-Duration Curve Compute Average Annual Energy Compute Dependable Capacity; Run-of-River Projects Without Pondage Compute Dependable Capacity; Pondage Projects Adjustment for Storage Effects Treatment of Efficiency Computer Models of Duration-Curve Analysis Sequential Streamflow Routing (SSR) Method General Approach Application of Sequential Analysis Application of SSR to Projects Without Power Storage General Data Requirements The Routing Procedure Other Considerations Example Use of Computer Models Application of SSR to Projects with Power Storage Introduction Data Requirements Regulation of Power Storage to Increase Firm Energy Critical Period Preliminary Firm Energy Estimate The Sequential Routing Procedure Determining Firm Energy Average Annual Energy Power Rule Curves General Project Operation Using Power Rule Curves Computing Average Energy Using Rule Curves Multiple-Purpose Storage Operation General Storage Zones Conservation Storage Zone Fixed Flood Control Zone Joint-Use Storage Joint-Use Storage With Snowmelt Runoff Flood Control Storage Requirements Non-Power Conservation Requirements Multiple-Purpose Operational Studies Alternative Power Operation Strategies Introduction Maximize Average Annual Energy Maximize Dependable Capacity Variable Draft System Power Reserve Composite Energy Operation System Analysis Introduction Storage Effectiveness General Approach System Critical Period Estimate System Firm Energy Loads Examples of Storage Effectiveness Discussion of Storage Effectiveness Examples Multiple-Purpose Operating Considerations Coordination with Other Entities Sources of Further Information Examples of Existing Hydropower Systems Hybrid Method Introduction Data Requirements Methodology Models CHAPTER 6 POWERPLANT SIZING Introduction Purpose and Scope Definitions Procedure for Sizing Power plants General Basic Steps Treatment of Multiple Alternatives Power System Requirements and Marketability Considerations General Operating Modes Other Considerations Physical Constraints Environmental and Non-Power Operating Constraints Types of Constraints Analysis of Constraints Seasonality of Operating Constraints Soft versus Hard Constraints Deregulating Dam Selection of Alternative Power Installations Introduction General Considerations Run-of-River Projects Projects with Pondage or Storage Staged Installation Size and Number of Units Examples of Selecting Size and Number of Units Turbine Selection Dependable Capacity General Basic Approach Methods for Determining Dependable Capacity Critical Month Method Firm Plant Factor Method Specified Availability Method Average Availability Method Selection of Method Sustained Capacity Dependable Capacity of Pumped-Storage Projects Intermittent Capacity Flexibility Measures for Firming Up Peaking Capacity General Pondage Deregulating Dam Reversible Units Hourly Operation Studies General Data Requirements Basic Approach Evaluation Tools Examples of Hourly Studies POWRSYM Hydro-Thermal System Model CHAPTER 7 EVALUATING PUMPED-STORAGE HYDROPOWER Introduction Purpose and Scope Basic Concept of Pumped-Storage Types of Pumped-Storage Projects Existing Pumped-Storage Projects General Characteristics of Off-Stream Pumped-Storage Projects Introduction Desirable Site Characteristics Operating Cycle Storage Requirements Plant Size Heads Pump-Turbine Performance Rated Capacity Plant Operating Characteristics Cycle Efficiency Charge/Discharge Ratio Reliability and Availability Size and Number of Units Plant Factor Lower Reservoir Characteristics Penstock Head Losses Other Factors Overall Study Procedure Introduction Define Site and Plant Characteristics Sequential Streamflow Routing and Related Studies Economic Analysis Sequential Routing Studies General Data Requirements Analysis of Storage Requirements Analysis of Lower Reservoirs Unsteady Flow Analysis Economic Analysis Introduction Define Without-Project Conditions Develop Plant and System Operating Characteristics Compute System Energy Costs Define With-Project Conditions Describe Pumped-Storage Project Characteristics Determine With-Project System Energy Costs Determine System Energy Benefits Determine Capacity Benefits Flexibility Benefits Sensitivity Analyses Analysis of Pump-Back Projects General Objectives of Pump-Back Operation Basic Procedure Base Period-of-Record SSR Analysis Define Projects Dependable Capacity Without Pump-Back Define the Operating Cycle for Pump-Back Operation Make Worst-Case Hourly SSR Routings Compute Pump-Back Requirements for Period-of-Record Economic Analysis Additional Hourly SSR Studies Unit Characteristics Alternative Project Configurations and Sensitivity Studies Special Problems General Screening Studies Seasonal Pumped-Storage Underground Pumped-Storage Multiple-Purpose Operation Environmental Problems The National Hydropower Study CHAPTER 8 ESTIMATING POWERHOUSE COSTS Introduction Types of Cost Estimates General Reconnaissance Reports Feasibility Reports Design Memoranda Construction Costs Introduction Major Powerhouse Components Contingencies Sources of Powerhouse Cost Data Investment Cost General Construction Costs Project Engineering and Design (E&D) Costs Supervision and Administration (S&A) costs Interest During Construction Investment Cost Inflation During Construction Annual Costs General Interest and Amortization Operation and Maintenance Replacement Costs Pumping Costs Transmission Costs Updating Cost Estimates General Construction Cost Indexes Updating O&M Costs Updating Replacement Costs Example Powerhouse Cost Analysis Introduction Price Level Adjustment Contingencies Inflation Adjustment E&D and S&A Interest During Construction Annual Cost CHAPTER 9 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS Introduction Conceptual Basis for Hydropower Benefits Basis for Measuring Benefits Actual or Simulated Market Price Cost of the Most Likely Thermal Alternative Need for Power Nonstructural Alternative Use of Hydro as an Alternative Overall Approach in Computing Hydropower Benefits Hydro Plant Output Computing Benefits Period of Analysis With- and Without-Project Conditions General Identification of the System Individual Years to be Analyzed Comparability Alternative Thermal Plant Method Basic Approach Capacity Value Capacity Value Adjustment Energy Value Energy Value Adjustment Real Fuel Cost Escalation Transmission Costs and Losses Selection of the Most Likely Alternative Size of Thermal Alternative Combination of Alternatives Sources of Power Values Cost-Indexing Power Values Energy Displacement Method General Computerized Production Cost Model Manual Load-Duration Curve Time-Related Factors Selection of Approach Comparison with Alternative Thermal Plant Method Combination of Methods Annual Costs Scoping of Hydro Projects General Types of Alternative Plants Examples of Plant Sizing Selection of Recommended Plan Financial Feasibility Special Problems Introduction Minimum Provisions for Future Power Installations Expansion of Existing Power plants Off-Stream Pumped-Storage Projects Reservoir System Power Benefits Staging of Hydro Projects Reallocation of Storage Use of Falling Water Charges Design Analyses Delays to On-line Dates Cost of Outages Conservation Plants Smaller Than 25 MW Non-Federally Financed Projects Firm and Secondary Energy APPENDIX A POWER STUDY CHECKLIST Introduction Checklist APPENDIX B LOAD FORECASTING METHODS General Types of Models Introduction Trend Analysis End-Use Analysis Econometrics Forecasting Accuracy APPENDIX C COMPUTER MODELS FOR POWER STUDIES Introduction Flow Duration Models General HYDUR. NAVOP. Sequential Streamflow Routing Models General HEC-5 SUPER HYSSR RESOP HLDPA HYSYS Hybrid Method General DURAPLOT APPENDIX D CALCULATIONS FOR FLOW-DURATION METHOD EXAMPLE General Total Energy Potential Usable Generation Effect of Fixed Overall Efficiency and Fixed Full Gate Discharge Assumptions Peaking Flow-Duration Curve Peaking Capacity-Duration Curve Turbine Efficiency APPENDIX E DAILY SEQUENTIAL ROUTING General Basic Data Powerplant Characteristics General Head Range Rated Capacity Hydraulic Capacity and Efficiency vs. Head Computation of Energy Output General Rules for Selection of Daily Discharge Routing for March 1982 APPENDIX F USE OF THE MASS CURVE METHOD TO IDENTIFY THE CRITICAL PERIOD General The Mass Curve Procedure and Example Firm Yield Curve Maximum Firm Yield for Given Storage Volume Use of the Mass Curve to Estimate Firm Energy APPENDIX G KW/CFS CURVE COMPUTATION Introduction Example Assumptions Procedure for Developing kW/cfs vs. Head Curve Procedure for Developing kW/cfs vs. Reservoir Elevation Curve Treatment of Alternative Plant Loadings APPENDIX H FIRM ENERGY ESTIMATE FOR A STORAGE PROJECT Introduction General Project Characteristics Computation of Preliminary Firm Energy output Procedure Example Initial Critical Period Hand Routing General Example Calculation Adjustment of Firm Energy Output Introduction Procedure Example of Firm Energy Output Recalculation Final Firm Energy Estimate APPENDIX I SSR REGULATION USING ALTERNATIVE OPERATING STRATEGIES Introduction Case 1: Routing to Protect Firm Energy Capability Case 2: Rule Curve Routing Case 3: Routing With Joint-Use Storage Storage Allocation Firm Energy Output Monthly Firm Energy Requirements Operation in an Average Water Year Shifting Secondary Energy to Peak Demand Months Use of Secondary Conservation Storage At-Site Recreation Multiple-Purpose Rule Curves Case 4: Routing to Maximize Average Energy Case 5: Routing to Maximize Energy Benefits Case 6: Maximize Dependable Capacity APPENDIX J CONSTRUCTION OF A RULE CURVE FOR SINGLE-PLANT POWER OPERATION General Single-Year Rule Curve Rule Curve Based on Multi-Year Critical Period APPENDIX K APPLICATION OF THE HEC-5 HYDROPOWER ROUTINES Introduction Purpose and Scope Program Purpose Program Documentation Program Capabilities and Limitations Introduction Reservoir System Description Reservoir Description Reservoir Purposes Reservoir Operation Time Interval and Duration Operation Parameters Data Requirements Storage and Yield Optimization Economic Capabilities Application to Analysis of a Single Hydropower Project General Power Reservoirs Data Requirements Program Operation Program Output Analysis of Hydropower Systems General Data Requirements Program Operation Program Output Analysis of Pumped-Storage Projects General Data Requirements Program Operation Program Output Firm Energy Optimization General Data Requirements Program Operation Program Output Strategies for Using the HEC-5 Program for Power Studies General Large Storage Projects Pumped-Storage Projects Run-of-River Projects Program Availability Introduction Program Distribution HEC Maintained Files Program Support APPENDIX L CALCULATIONS FOR STOMGE EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS Introduction Case 1: Upstream Reservoir in Tandem Case 2: Two Identical Reservoirs in Parallel Case 3: Parallel Reservoirs, One with Downstream Powerplant Case 4: Parallel Reservoirs with Unequal F1ow Case 5: Parallel Reservoirs of Unequal Slope APPENDIX M EXISTING MULTIPLE-PURPOSE SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES Introduction Cumberland River System Tennessee River System Arkansas River System Missouri River System Colorado River System Central Valley project Columbia River System APPENDIX N EXAMPLES OF HOURLY STUDIES General Case 1: Pondage Analysis General Project Data Preliminary Estimate of Sustained Peaking Capacity Hand Routing Case 2: Deregulating Reservoir Analysis General Regulation of the Peaking Project Deregulating Reservoir Storage Requirement Additional Storage Required for a Three-Day Weekend Pumped-Storage Reservoir General Project Data Hand Routing APPENDIX O CAPACITY CREDIT, INTERMITTENT CAPACITY, AND ENERGY VALUE ADJUSTMENTS Introduction Power Benefit Analysis Source of This Material Capacity Value Adjustments and Intermittent Capacity Introduction The Capacity Benefit Equation Hydrologic Availability Mechanical Availability Flexibility Implementation Energy Value Adjustment Conceptual Basis of Energy Value Adjustment Methods for Calculating Adjustment System Models Equations Impact of Adjustment Selection of Method APPENDIX P FUEL COSTS AND FUEL COST ESCALATION General Base Fuel Costs Fossil-Fueled Plants Nuclear-Fueled Plants Real Fuel Cost Escalation Current Procedures Forecast Uncertainty Forecast Sources Escalation Rate Applications Use of the Multipliers Actual and Forecast Price Differences APPENDIX Q SYSTEM POWER BENEFITS Introduction Single-Reservoir System System Description At-Site Benefits Cost Allocation Benefit Allocation Project Benefit-Cost Ratios Multiple Storage Projects General System Description At-Site Benefits Cost Allocation Benefit Allocation Net Benefits More Complex Systems APPENDIX R CONVERSION FACTORS Volume Rate of Flow Energy Power Energy Equivalents APPENDIX S GLOSSARY APPENDIX T BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX U INDEX End of Preview.
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