This book is included in the Self Reliance Water & Wells section.
Engineering & Design
STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION SURVEYING
1. Purpose. This manual provides technical
guidance for performing precise structural deformation surveys of locks,
dams, and other hydraulic flood control or navigation structures.
Accuracy, procedural, and quality control standards are defined for
monitoring displacement in hydraulic structures
2. Applicability. This manual is applicable to all USACE commands having responsibility
for conducting periodic inspections of completed civil works projects,
as required under ER 1110-2-100, Periodic Inspection and Continuing
Evaluation of Completed Civil Works Structures.
FOR THE COMMANDER:
Joseph Schroedel.
Colonel, Corps of Engineers,
Chief of Staff
CHAPTER 1 Introduction Purpose Applicability Distribution References Scope of Manual Background Deformation Survey Techniques Life Cycle Project Management Metrics Trade Name Exclusions Abbreviations and Terms Mandatory Requirements Proponency and Waivers CHAPTER 2 Planning, Design, and Accuracy Requirements Standards for Deformation Surveys Accuracy Requirements for Performing Deformation Surveys Overview of Deformation Surveying Design Professional Associations Causes of Dam Failure Foundation Problems in Dams Navigation Locks Deformation Parameters Location of Monitoring Points Design of Reference Networks Reference Point Monumentation Monitoring Point Monumentation Design of Measurement Schemes Measurement Reliability Frequency of Measurements Mandatory Requirements Chapter 3 Deformation Measurement and Alignment Instrumentation General Angle and Distance Measurements Differential Leveling Total Station Trigonometric Elevations Global Positioning System (GPS) Photogrammetric Techniques Alignment Measurements Extension and Strain Measurements Tilt and Inclination Measurements Non-Geodetic Measurements Optical Tooling Technology Laser Tooling methods Laser Alignment Technology Laser Alignment Techniques Laser Alignment Error Sources Laser Beam Propagation Laser Alignment Equipment Current Laser Alignment Surveys--Libby and Chief Joseph Dams, Seattle District Suspended and Inverted Plumblines Comparison of Alignment and Plumbline Systems Tiltmeter Observations Mandatory Requirements Chapter 4 Sources of Measurement Error and Instrument Calibrations Surveying Measurement Errors Optical Pointing Error Instrument Leveling Error Instrument Centering Error Horizontal Angle Measurement Error Electronic Distance Measurement Error Zenith Angle Measurement Error Refraction of Optical Lines of Sight Theodolite System Error Reflector Alignment Error EDM Scale Error EDM Prism Zero Error EDM Cyclic Error Calibration Baselines Equipment for Baseline Calibration Procedures for Baseline Calibration Mandatory Requirements Chapter 5 Angle and Distance Observations--Theodolites, Total Stations and EDM Scope Instrument and Reflector Centering Procedures Angle and Direction Observations Distance Observations Electro-Optical Distance Measurement EDM Reductions Atmospheric Refraction Correction Mandatory Requirements Chapter 6 Settlement Surveys--Precise Differential Leveling Observations Scope Precise Geodetic Leveling Differential Leveling Reductions Total Station Trigonometric Heights Mandatory Requirements Chapter 7 Alignment, Deflection, and Crack Measurement Surveys--Micrometer Observations Scope Relative Alignment Deflections from Fixed Baseline Micrometer Crack Measurement Observations Mandatory Requirements Chapter 8 Monitoring Structural Deformations Using the Global Positioning System Purpose Background Scope of Chapter Section I Monitoring Structural Deformation with GPS Surveying Requirements Surveying Procedures Data Processing Procedures GPS Monitoring Applications GPS Survey Reporting and Results Section II GPS Performance on Monitoring Networks Principles of GPS Carrier Phase Measurement GPS Receiving System Performance Sources of Error in GPS Measurements GPS Performance on Monitoring Networks Section III Data Quality Assessment for Precise GPS Surveying Quality Assessment Tools GPS Session Status Data Post-Processing Post-Processing Statistics Closure and Station Checks Section IV GPS Multipath Error Description of Multipath Signals Data Cleaning Techniques for GPS Surveys Mandatory Requirements Chapter 9 Preanalysis and Network Adjustment General Theory of Measurements Least Squares Adjustment Adjustment Input Parameters Adjustment Output Parameters Adjustment Procedures Sample Adjustment--Yatesville Lake Dam Mandatory Requirements Chapter 10 Relative Distance Ratio Assessment Methods Introduction Deformation Monitoring Using Ratio Methods Mandatory Requirements Chapter 11 Analysis and Assessment of Results General Geometrical Analysis Statistical Modeling Deterministic Modeling Hybrid Analysis Method Automated Data Management Scope of Deformation Analysis Mandatory Requirements Chapter 12 Data Presentation and Final Reports Report Format Displacement Data Presentation Data Management Mandatory Requirements Appendices Appendix A References Appendix B Applications: Deformation Surveys of Locks and Dams Central & Southern Florida Flood Control Project (Jacksonville District) Surveying for Lock Structure Dewatering (Lock and Dam No. 4, St. Paul District) Appendix C Applications: Monitoring Schemes for Concrete Dams (Libby Dam, Seattle District) Glossary
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