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Foreword A handbook on American police administration should not be confused with a manual on police practice and procedure. Administration relates to the organization, supervision and control of processes of police work; police practice and procedure relate to the actual doing of daily routine work. This study has been pursued with a full understanding of the proper limitations of a treatise on the principles of administration. One of the chief sources of this work has been the material gathered and developed by the New York Bureau of Municipal Research during the course of some thirteen years devoted to the study of the problems of police administration and to the making of administrative surveys in many of the large cities of the United States. Mr. Graper has refined this wealth of raw material and that found in police reports, state laws and city charters, and through comparisons and selection has been able to set forth the best practices prevailing in police administration. This handbook will be useful to the superior police officer who is charged with the task of management and to those members of the rank and file who would aspire to fit themselves for higher administrative posts. It is not a book that will serve to instruct a police recruit in his duties as a patrolman. Throughout the work full recognition has been given the fact that police administration is largely a problem in personnel management. An effort has been made, therefore, to avoid dogmatic conclusions in discussing forms of organization and methods of work, which vary in effectiveness according to the spirit, intelligence and ability of the police force. In police administration the human factors are always of more importance than forms of organization and systems of procedure. But there are certain forms of organization and systematic methods of directing the operations of police personnel that have been observed to be best adapted to the most successful utilization of the personnel under varying conditions in many police departments. These forms and methods have been set forth with a view to aiding the student of administration and the police official who would know the approved standards which experience has shown to be best suited to the needs of an ordinary police organization. Leonard V. Harrison. Bureau of Municipal Research, New York City, January 27, 1921. Prefatory Note In the preparation of this volume the author has received much valuable aid from several members of the staff of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research. The reports of the surveys of police departments made by the Bureau were for the most part written by Mr. Clement J. Driscoll. To him the writer is therefore greatly indebted. The material embodied in these reports has been freely used. Mr. Leonard V. Harrison has been a most helpful critic. He not only read all of the manuscript but also took time to discuss with the author practically all phases of the police problem. Much valuable criticism has been received from Professors Howard Lee McBain and Thomas Reed Powell of Columbia University. E. D. G. New York City, February 22, 1921 Table of Contents Foreword Prefatory Note CHAPTER I - Introduction The establishment of the modern police system in England.—In the United States.—The importance of police administration.—The attitude of the public CHAPTER II. - The Organization of City Police Departments A separate department or a bureau.—The organization of administrative supervision.— Types of organization.—The. board system vs. the single head of the department,—The relation of police administrators to the city government.—Appointment and control by the mayor or the manager.—Appointment and control by the mayor and council.—Appointment and control by state authority.—Popular election.—Election by the city council.— Relation between administrative head and the force.—The internal organization of the department. —Functional organization CHAPTER III. - Appointment, Promotion, and Removal The merit system of appointment.—Applications.—Character examinations.—Special qualifications.—Examinations.—Probation appointments.—Promotions.—The merit system and promotions.—The merit system and the chief of police.—Efficiency records and promotions.—Delinquencies and removals.—Removal by appointing officers.—Review by civil service commissions.—Removals by civil service commissions.—Review by the courts. —The probation system CHAPTER IV. - Training of Policemen The need for special training.—Police training school of Berkeley.—Police training school of Detroit.—Police training school of Philadelphia.—Police training school of New York.— The subjects to be taught CHAPTER V. - General Patrol Service Patrol service.—Precincts.—Patrol posts.—Types.—Patrol booth posts.—Information required for laying out posts.—Foot patrol. —Mounted patrol.—Bicycle and motorcycle patrol. —Automobile patrol.—Platoon systems.—Patrol supervision.—Sergeants and roundsmen.— Lieutenants.—Captains.—The chief.—Need of records.—Signal systems.—Details. CHAPTER VI. - The Regulation of Traffic The establishment of traffic control in American cities.—Traffic laws.—Traffic bureaus.— Qualifications needed for traffic control.—Need of special training.—The block system.— The rotary system.—One-way streets.—Channelizing traffic.—Parking.—Isles of safety.— Semaphores.—Traffic booths.—Educating the public relative to traffic control. CHAPTER VII. - Detective Service Qualifications of detectives.—Organization of detective bureaus in the United States.—In Europe.—Selection of detectives.—Supervision of detectives.—Reporting methods.— Criminal identification.—Criminal photography.—The Bertillon system.—Dactyloscopy.— National Bureau of Criminal Identification.—Finger prints as evidence. CHAPTER VIII. - Special Police Service The control of vice.—Organization of special bureaus.—Reports by patrolmen.— Appointment of special squads.—Supervision of special squads.—Policewomen.—Crime prevention and welfare work.—Dealing with the subnormal CHAPTER IX. - Arrests Crimes.—Definition of arrests.—Arrests with warrants.—Arrests without warrants.—Needless arrests.—The summons.—Police Courts.—Value of records.—Women prisoners and police matrons.—Dealing with children. CHAPTER X. - Secretarial Bureau Record bureaus.—Standardization of reports.—Summarization.—Departmental correspondence.—Kinds of records needed.—Personnel records.—Consolidated daily report. —Other functions of record bureaus.—The annual report. CHAPTER XI. - Compensation and Welfare Police salaries.—Police unions.—Police pensions.—Sources of income.—Benefits.— Allowances.—The administration of pension funds.—Need of applying actuarial principles.— The cash disbursements plan vs. the reserve plan.—The fundamental principles of pension systems.—The surgical bureau.—Equipment. Appendix Index
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