This book is included in the Outdoor Survival - Bio-Regional Environments section.
Specific Operations, Volume 2, Arctic & Sub-arctic
Operations,
Part 1
Basic Cold Weather Training & Part 2 Northern Operations
March 1974 / January 1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Section 1 - General 101. Aim 102. Scope 103. Areas of Winter Operations Section 2 - Introduction to Cold 105 General 106 Types of Cold 107 Windchill 108 Effects of Cold on Man 109 Adjustments 110 Leadership Requirements 111 Conclusion CHAPTER 2 - PERSONAL CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT Section 1 - Cold Weather Clothing 201 General 202 Principles of Clothing Design 203 Footwear 204 Principles of Keeping Warm 205 Military Requirements of Cold Weather Clothing 206 Types of Military Clothing 207 General 208 Sleeping Bag - 1951 Pattern 209 Sleeping Bag - 1965 Pattern 210 General 211 Description 212 Assembly - Attachment of Strap Components to the Frame 213 Packing 214 Adjustment 215 Camouflage 216 Care and Maintenance 217 Conclusion Section 4 - Coleman Lanterns 218 General 219 Description 220 Stripping, Assembly, and User Repairs 221 Operation 222 Light Discipline 223 Care and Maintenance 224 Safety Precautions 225 Common Faults and Remedies 226 Conclusion Section 5 - Stoves M1950 C1B1 & Coleman Model 431 Two Burner 227 General 228 M1950 Stove 229 Description 230 Stripping and Assembling 231 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies 232 Filling 233 Lighting 234 Stove C1B1 235 Description 236 Stripping and Assembly 237 Common Faults, Stoppages, and Remedies 238 Filling 239 To Pump 240 Lighting 241 Care and Maintenance 242 Stove Coleman Model 431 - Two Burner Stove 243 Description 244 Stripping and Assembly 245 Common Faults, Stoppages and Remedies 246 Filling 247 To Pump 248 To Install Tank 249 To Light Main Burner 250 To Light Auxiliary Burner(s) 251 To Shut Off Burners 252 To Pack Stove 253 Care and Maintenance 254 Safety Precautions - All Stoves 255 Conclusion Section 6 - Toboggans 256 General 257 Loading 258 One-man Toboggan 259 Two-man Toboggan 260 Conclusion CHAPTER 3 - CAMPSITES, SHELTERS, AND TENTAGE Section 1 - Selecting a Campsite & Bivouac Routine 301 General 302 Selection of a Defensive Position 303 Campsites 304 Entering a Campsite 305 Establishing a Campsite 306 Collecting Ice or Snow for Cooking 307 Constructing a Latrine 308 Digging a Garbage Pit 309 Camp Routine 310 Duties of Tent Group Commander 311 Duties of Cook 312 Preparation of Rations 313 Bedding Down 314 Position of Air Mattress 315 Responsibilities 316 Security 317 Breaking Camp 318 Conclusion Section 2 - Inspection, Preparation & Stowage of Tents 319 General 320 Description 321 Inspection of Outer Tent 322 Assembling the Tent 323 Stowage of Tents 324 Folding for Toboggan 325 Conclusion Section 3 - Pitching & Striking Tentage 326 General 327 Tent Pitching and Striking Squad 328 Duties of Tent Pitching Squad 329 Tent Pitching Drill 330 Method 331 Striking Drill 332 Conclusion Section 4 - Improvised Shelter 333 General 334 Siting of Shelters 335 Areas for Shelters 336 Building 337 Types of Shelters 338 Shelters in Wooded Areas 339 Double Lean-to 340 Wigwam 341 Tree-pit Shelter 342 Chopped or Fallen Tree Shelter 343 Shelters in Open Country and Barrens 344 Conclusion CHAPTER 4 - WEAPONS AND FIELD WORKS Section 1 - Small Arms & Ammunition 401 General 402 Weapon Problems 403 Care and Maintenance of Weapons 404 Condensation 405 Snow and Ice 406 Weapon Mechanisms 407 Breakages 408 Cold Weather Handwear 409 Ice Fog 410 Weapon Cleaning General 411 Weapon Platforms 412 Ammunition 413 Conclusion Section 2 - Firing Position in Snow Conditions 414 General 415 Small Arms 416 Method 417 Support Weapons 418 Methods 419 Conclusion Section 3 - Field Defences 420 General 421 Penetration Table 422 Walls and Forms (Frameworks) 423 Snow Defences 424 Ice-crete Defences 425 Ice-crete and Snow Defences 426 Other Types of Defences 427 Additional Points 428 Conclusion CHAPTER 5 - MOVEMENT Section 1 - Land Navigation 501 General 502 Navigation Problems 503 Methods of Land Navigation 504 Navigation by Dead Reckoning 505 Method of Dead Reckoning 506 Distance Measuring 507 Direction 508 Hints for the Navigator 509 Conclusion Section 2 - March Discipline 510 General 511 Before the March 512 During the March 513 End of March 514 Conclusion Section 3 - Trail-Breaking 515 General 516 Planning 517 Navigation 518 Route Selection 519 Composition 520 Organization 521 Trail Marking 522 Conclusion (523 not allocated) Section 4 - Skiing & Snowshoeing 524 General 525 Characteristics of Snow 526 Ski Techniques 527 Walking Step 528 Step Turn 529 Kick Turn 530 Falling and Recovery 531 One Step 532 Variations 535 Downhill Running 536 Braking Methods 537 Turns 538 Skiing over Variable Terrain 539 Ski-joring 540 Ski Drill 541 Snowshoeing 542 Types 543 Maintenance 544 Snowshoe Harness 545 Training and Rate of Movement 546 Snowshoe Technique CHAPTER 6 - TACTICS Section 1 - General 601 Introduction 602 Concept of Operations - Arctic 603 Concept of Operations - Subarctic Section 2 - Basic Planning & Operations 604 Winter Problems 605 Standard of Training 606 Planning 607 Fire Support 608 The Advance 609 The Attack 610 The Defence 611 Patrolling 612 Conclusion Section 3 - Camouflage & Concealment 613 General 614 Individual Concealment 615 Equipment Concealment 616 Field Defences 617 Tracks and Trails 618 Light Discipline 619 Vapour Clouds 620 Noise Level 621 Deception 622 Examples of Vehicle Camouflaged 623 Formula of Paint Used CHAPTER 7 - COLD WEATHER INJURIES AND HEALTH RULES Section 1 - First Aid 701 General 702 Shock 703 Frost-bite 704 Advanced Cold Exposure 705 Snow Blindness 706 Immersion Foot (Trenchfoot) 707 Sunburn and Wind Chapping 708 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 709 Fume Irritation (Tent Eye) 710 Constipation 711 Dehydration 712 Casualty Bag 713 Casualty Evacuation by Toboggan Section 2 - Health Rules 714 General 715 Individual Adjustment 716 Personal Hygiene 717 Food 718 Latrines and Garbage 719 Conclusion ANNEXES A SUGGESTED FORMATIONS IN THE ADVANCE B NOTES ON ICE CROSSINGS APPENDIX 1 GUIDE TO LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF FRESH-WATER ICE C THEORY AND USES OF THE ASTRO COMPASS D MAINTENANCE UNDER WINTER CONDITIONS E REFERENCES PART TWO - NORTHERN OPERATIONS CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Section 1 - General Aim Scope Section 2 - Area of Operations General The Arctic The Subarctic The Arctic Ocean Section 3 - Concept of Operations General The Threat Canadian Northern Operations Mounting of Operations Section 4 - Organization Grouping Command and Composition CHAPTER 2 - THE ENVIRONMENT Section 1 - Introduction General Operating Conditions Section 2 - Climate General The Arctic The Subarctic Special Problems Section 3 - Terrain General The Arctic The Subarctic Section 4 - Infrastructure General Problem Areas Development Section 5 - Effect on Military Operations Leadership Mobility Firepower Logistics CHAPTER 3 - FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT Section 1 - Introduction General Section 2 - Movement on Foot Scope Individual Load Mobility Aids Section 3 - Vehicle Movement in Winter General Effects of Deep Snow Ice Crossings Section 4 - Vehicle Movement in Other Seasons Spring Break-Up Summer Fall Freeze-Up Section 5 - Vehicle Operating Techniques under Extreme Cold Conditions Driving Parking Starting Crew Comfort CHAPTER 4 - FIRE SUPPORT Section 1 - Introduction General Ice Fog Section 2 - Direct Fire Weapons Anti-personnel Weapons Anti-armour Weapons Section 3 - Indirect Fire Weapons General Fire Control Procedures Movement Gun and Base Plate Positions Observation Ammunition Artillery Survey Mortars Section 4 - Offensive Air Support Weapons General CHAPTER 5 - ENGINEERING Section 1 - Introduction General Section 2 - Defences and Obstacles Field Defences Mines and Mine Warfare Section 3 - Maintenance of Mobility Roads and Tracks Ice Roads Bridges Ferries Fords Section 4 - Construction of Airfields General Construction Site Criteria Runways on Snow Runways on Ice Preparation of Landing Sites for Helicopters Problems of Heavy Equipment Operators Section 5 - Water Supply Supply Transportation Section 6 - Base Installations Air Portable Modules Heated Accommodation CHAPTER 6 - COMMUNICATIONS Section 1 - Introduction General Environmental Problems Section 2 - Radio Communications Propagation Characteristics Auroral Effect Ionospheric Disturbance Atmospheric Static Antennae and Grounds Batteries and Power Supplies Electronic Warfare Tactical Nets Section 3 - Line Communications General Laying Line Section 4 - Visual Communication General Section 5 - Hand Carriage Air Vehicles Section 6 - Peculiar Operating Procedures General Mechanical Malfunctions Radios Microphone Assemblies Breathing and Sweating Rubber and Rubber Like Compounds Supply CHAPTER 7 - TACTICAL AVIATION Section 1 - Introduction General Weather Section 2 - Flight Operations General Planning Factors Navigation Safety Section 3 - Aircraft Maintenance and Facilities Maintenance Facilities Section 4 - Characteristics of Aircraft General Light Intermediate Heavy Helicopters Fighters CHAPTER 8 - OPERATIONS - GENERAL Section 1 - Introduction General Section 2 - Planning Factors Section 3 - Intelligence Essential Elements of Information Other Intelligence Requirements Intelligence Collection Battle Indicators Patrolling Deception Section 4 - Security General Camouflage Concealment Identification CHAPTER 9 - OPERATIONS Section 1 - Introduction Scope Section 2 - Offensive Operations General Planning The Deliberate Attack Reorganization Exploitation and Pursuit Section 3 - Defensive Operations General Planning Considerations Conduct of the Defence Location of Reserves Section 4 - Retrograde Operations General Planning Factors Section 5 - Particular Tactics General Composition of Forces Location and Engagement Containment Harassment Destruction Resupply Rotation of Troops and Equipment Section 6 - Airmobile and Operations General Conduct of Operations Section 7 - Chemical and Nuclear Operations Chemical Operations - General Toxic Chemical Agents Protective Measures Smoke Nuclear Operations - General Protection Monitoring and Survey CHAPTER 10 - OPERATIONS - SPECIAL Section 1 - Introduction General Section 2 - Airborne Operations Scope Limitations Selection of Drop Zones and Landing Zones Forms of Assault Special Considerations for Paratroop Assault Conduct of the Assault Summer Considerations Section 3 - Amphibious Operations General Limitations Section 4 - Riverine Operations General Characteristics of Northern Inland Waterways Limitations Section 5 - Raids and Rear Area Operations General Tasks Selection of Personnel Section 6 - Operations on Permanent Ice and Snow-Covered Areas General Equipment CHAPTER 11 - ADMINISTRATION Section 1 - Introduction General Section 2 - The Logistic Concept Mounting Forward Base Airhead Holdings Distribution Maintenance Section 3 - Logistic Planning General Preparation Prior to Deployment Local Resources Siting of Administrative Areas Rear Area Security Section 4 - Transportation General Air Road Off Road Traffic Control Rail Water Section 5 - Supply General Stock Levels Storage Distribution Laundry and Bath Section 6 - Maintenance General Maintenance Personnel Preventive Maintenance Winterization/Articization Recovery Miscellaneous Tasks Section 7 - Medical General Medical Installations Treatment Evacuation Medical Standards Cold Casualties Section 8 - Personnel Matters Replacement Morale and Discipline Prisoners of War Burial Salvage/Garbage Canex Supplies CHAPTER 12 -TRAINING Section 1 - Introduction General Training Objective Training Areas Instructor Requirement Section 2 - Characteristics of Seasonal Exercises Winter Spring Break-Up Summer Fall Freeze-Up Section 3 - Cold-Weather Training General Training Emphasis Training Phases Indoctrination Training at Home Stations Specialist Training at Home Stations Preliminary Training in Exercise Area Section 4 - Warm-Weather Training General Training Phases Indoctrination Training at Home Stations Specialist Training at Home Stations Section 5 - Restrictions on Training General Land-Use Regulations Wildlife Weather Local Population Food and Sundries Section 6 - Coordination with Government and Other Local Agencies Northern Region Federal Agencies Territorial Government Annual Resupply Programmes Section 7 - Planning for Exercises General Scope Pre-exercise Training Recce of Exercise Area Tactical Exercises without Troops Exercise Security ANNEXES A Equipment Operating Techniques B Assessment of the Enemy - Northern Operations C Battle Indicators D Commanders' GuideLines for Northern Operations E Lessons Learned F Notes on Russian and Finnish Winter Warfare Tactics GLOSSARY OF TERMS
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