This book is included in the Self Reliance Ranching section.
PREFACE.
IN preparing this volume on " Cattle," the author has often had reason to deplore the want of materials, and which he has been enabled to obtain only by correspondence with competent individuals, and the personal inspection of the present state of cattle, in the greater part of the British empire. To those noblemen and agriculturists from whom he derived information, the more highly estimated by him, because most readily and courteously granted, he begs to return his warmest thanks. His obligation to Mr. Berry, for the admirable history of the Short-Horns, will not be soon forgotten.
He has endeavoured to lay before the public an accurate and faithful account of the cattle of Great Britain and Ireland. He does not expect to please every one who reads his work or who has contributed towards it; for long experience has taught him that, although there is some excellence peculiar to each breed, there is none exempt from defect; and the honest statement of this defect will not satisfy the partisan of any one breed, or or of any variety of that breed. He has passed lightly over the subject of the general management of cattle, in order to avoid trenching on the work on "British Husbandry," now publishing under the superintendence of the Society.
The diseases of cattle was a favourite topic with the writer, but here, too, he painfully felt the deficiency of materials for a treatise worthy of such a subject. One branch of veterinary science has rapidly advanced. The diseases of the horse are better understood and better treated; but, owing to the absence of efficient instruction concerning the diseases of cattle in the principal veterinary school, and the incomprehensible supineness of agricultural societies, and agriculturists generally, cattle have been too much left to the tender mercies of those who are utterly ignorant of their structure, the true nature of their diseases, the scientific treatment of them, and even the very first principles of medicine.
With the few practitioners scattered through the country, who had praise-worthily devoted themselves to the study of the maladies of cattle, the author entered into correspondence; and he derived from them a liberal assistance which does honour to the profession whose character they are establishing.
To many of the contributors to that valuable periodical, "The Veterinarian," he is under considerable obligation, which has been duly and gratefully acknowledged. He has likewise had recourse to various foreign authorities; for, although far behind us in the cultivation of the breed of cattle, many continental writers, and continental agriculturists generally,
have set us a laudable example of attention to the diseases of these animals.
The author ventures to hope that the information derived from these sources, as well as from his own practice, may have enabled him to lay before his readers a treatise on "Cattle" not altogether unsatisfactory; and that, particularly with regard to the maladies of the ox, so often grossly misunderstood and shamefully treated, he may have succeeded in laying down some principles which will guide the farmer and the practitioner through many a case heretofore perplexing and almost uniformly fatal. At all events, he will have laid the foundation for a better work, when common sense, and a regard to the best interests of husbandry, shall have induced agriculturists to encourage, or rather to demand a higher degree of general education in veterinary practitioners, and shall have founded, south of the Tweed, those schools for professional instruction in every branch of the veterinary art which have been successfully established, and are honourably considered on the continent.
W. YOUATT.
Nassau Street, Middlesex Hospital.,
London.
CONTENTS.
Preface Introduction Chapter I. — THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE OX His Zoological character — domesticated before the Flood — fossil bones. Chapter II. — THE BRITISH OX No satisfactory description of cattle by early writers — The Lancashire and the Devon ox — The ox of central Africa — the backley of Southern Africa — the Scotch bull — the Swiss cows — Return to our native cattle — in the feudal times — occasional wild cattle — those of Chillingham Park — Present cattle classed according to the size of their horns — the middle-horns probably the original breed — they are found where the natives retreated from their invaders — essentially the same wherever found. Chapter III. — THE MIDDLE-HORNS The North Devons — The proper form and shape of cattle — the Devons tried by this test — Lord Western's cattle — the Devonshire cow — the working properties of the Devon ox — his disposition to fatten — Experiments — value of the cow for the dairy attempted crosses — the Vale of Exeter — South Devon cattle — clouted cream — Cornish cattle — principally North Devons — crosses — Dorsetshire cattle — mixture of Devon and Dorset — Somersetshire cattle — pure Devons on the borders of Devon — gradual change of character — the old Somersets — the present cattle — Cheddar cheese — The Herefords — description of them — comparison between them and the Devons — fattening properties — experiments — Gloucestershire cattle — the old Gloucesters — the present breed in the hilly district — in the vale of Berkeley — crosses — Gloucester cheese — single and double — Sussex cattle — description — comparison with Devons and Herefords — Sussex cow — crosses — West Sussex cattle — Kentish cattle — Wales — general character of the Welsh cattle — Pembrokes — Glamorgans — former character of them — present breed — late improvement — Mr. David's breed — Monmouthshire cattle — Carmarthens — Cardigans — Cattle of Brecknockshire and Radnorshire — Cattle of North Wales — Anglesey cattle — the passage of the Menai — c.';osses — improvements — Welsh traditions — The Carnarvons — The cattle of Merioneth, Montgomery, Denbigh, Flint, Scotland — the West Highland cattle — the Hebrides-Description of the true Kyloe — early anecdotes — Mr. Moorhouse — Hebridean management — The outer Hebrides the tacksman — Arran — the Duke of Hamilton's improvements — general management — Bute — Argyleshire — the cattle — rearing — Cantire — dairy-management Inverness — the ferry of Kyle-Rhea — the shealings — overstocking — the trysts — North Highland cattle — the Shetlanders — description — management — the Holmes — the Orkneys — Caithness — Sir John Sinclair's valuable improvements — present ciiaracter of the cattle — diseases — strange superstitions — Sutherland — introduction of sheep husbandry — different breeds — management — superstitions — Ross and Cromarty — peculiarity of the cattle — Mr. Mackenzie's valuable account of Ross — Nairn, Moray, Banff — the Banffshire breed — Lord Findlater's improvements — Aberdeen — description of the cattle — the Kintore ox — the polled cattle — the Buchan cows — Kincardineshire — the Mearns ox — the cottar of the present and olden time — Angus — the horned breed — Fife — description of the cattle — origin — the Durhams in Fife — Perth — character of the cattle — Stirling — the Carses — David Dun, the Scottish Bakewell — Falkirk tryst — Kinross, Clackmannan, Dumbarton — the wintering grounds — the Ayrshires in Dumbarton — their produce — Renfrew — Ayrshire — State of the county fifly years ago — present state — cattle — opinions of their origin — their value as dairy-cows — produce — profit — boyening — Dunlop cheese — fattening properties of the Ayrshires — management — calves — Lanark — the Strathaven veal — the Willow bank dairy — West Lothian — tlic cattle — grazing — Mid-Lothian — the original and present cattle — the Caledonian dairy — East Lothian — Mr. Ronnie's cattle — Roxburgh — Berwick — the cradle of Scottish agriculture — Mr. Pringlc, the first cultivator of turnips in drills — the progress of improvement — Selkirk — change in its character. Chapter IV. — POLLED CATTLE Galloway — Description of the Galloways — Mr. Murc's breed — his Queen of the Scots — general excellence of the Galloways — Dumfries — the Galloways of a larger size here — Angus — the polled cattle — comparison between them and the Galloways — Mr. Watson's valuable breed — Norfolk — the original breed horned — source of the present breed — travels of the Galloway cattle — fairs — the Earl of Albemarle — Mr. Coke Suffolk — description — extraordinary instances of produce — Devonshire nats — Yorkshire polls. Chapter V. — THE IRISH CATTLE The aboriginal breed middle-horns — the Kerry cow — the prevailing breed were probably the Cravens — Improvement slower in Ireland than in England — Mr. Waller's improvements in Meath — Lord Masscrene — Lord Farnham — the Earl of Rosse — Sir H. V. Tempest — Mr. Conolly — modern improvers — exportation of Irish cattle — cattle salesmen — Irish butter. Chapter VI. — THE LONG-HORNS Originally from Craven — the larger and smaller breed — early improvers — the blacksmith of Linton — Sir Thomas Gresley — Mr. Webster — Bloxedge — Robert Bakcwell — his principles — his success — anecdotes — errors of hi-s successors — Twopenny — Mr. Fowler — Shakspeare — Description of D — Mr. Fowler's sale — Mr. Prinsep — Mr. Mundy — Description of the improved Leicesters — strangely rapid deterioration and disappearance of them — Westmoreland — Lancashire — the native breed now rarely seen — crosses — introduction of short-horns — Mr. Kirk's long-horns — Derbyshire — description of cattle — Cheshire breed injured by the introduction of short-horns management of the dairy — Cheshire cheese — Nottinghamshire — Leicestershire — Rutland — Huntingdon — Cambridge — Cambridge butter — Northampton — Bedford — experiments at Woburn — Buckinghamshire — Berkshire — Hampshire — crosses — Isle of Wigiit — Wiltshire — the long-horns almost extinct — crosses of all kinds cheese — Oxfordshire — Warwickshire — Worcestershire — Staffordshire — the old Staffords — the Staffords of the present day — introduction of the short-horns — Shropshires — the old Shropshires — the present breed. Chapter VII. — THE SHORT-HORNS Description of the old breed — Sir W. Quentin — Mr. Milbank — Mr. C. Colling history of his purchase of Hubback — Favourite — the Durham ox — cross with the polled Galloway — Bolingbroke — Johanna — Lady — prices fetched by Lady's progeny — sale of Mr. C. Ceiling's stock — Mr. R. Colling — sale of his stock — Mr. Change of Newton Mr. Mason of Chilton — Mr. G. Coates's Short-Horn Herd-Book — history of remarkable short-horns — Lord Althorp a successful breeder — the milking properties of the improved short-horn undervalued — not calculated for work — Lord Althorp's bull Firby — The improved Yorkshire cow — she unites the two qualities — quantities of milk yielded by her — description of her — Cumberland — Mr. Bates first crossed the Kyloe with the short-horns — Mr. Maynard's experiments — Yorkshire — North Riding once occupied by black cattle alone — succeeded by the old Holderness — crossed with the improved breed — West Riding — every variety of cross in it — Mr. Mitton's Badsvvorth — East Riding — Lincolnshire — the unimproved Lincolns — the Turnills the present improved Lincolns — the Lincolnshire ox — Essex — the calf-feeding — the dairy — Epping butter — Epping sausages Middlesex — Booth's establishment at Brentford — the number of cattle sold in Smithfield — how supplied — cruelties practised there — the number of cows kept in London — the milk-business — Laycock's dairy — Rhodes's dairy — Surry. Chapter VIII. — THE FOREIGN BREEDS OF CATTLE The Alderney — quantity and excellence of milk, fattens readily — Najore cattle - buffalo and Indian cattle. Chapter IX. — THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE HEAD OF THE OX The skeleton — the head — shortness and breadth of forehead in the bull — fine small head in the female — extent of frontal sinuses — inflammation of them — the horns history of their growth — treatment of fracture of them — age as indicated by the horns — tricks — manufacture of beautiful horns — the distinguishing character of the different breeds — influence of sex — horned Galloways — comparison between the horned and hornless cattle — uses of horn — The brain, smaller than in the horse — intelligence of cattle — peculiar conformation of the brain and spinal marrow — The ear — difference of in different cattle — diseases of — The eye — fracture of the orbit — wound? — tumours The eyelids — eruption on them — enlargement of haw — inflammation of the eye cataract — gutta sercna — cancer — Fracture of the skull — Hydatids in the brain — water in the head — apoplexy — inflammation of the brain — locked jaw — epilepsy — palsy rheumatism — tail-slip — neurotomy — madness. Chapter X. — THE ANATOMY, USES, AND DISEASES, OF THE NOSTRILS AND MOUTH The nasal bones — sense of smelling more acute than the horse — bleeding from the nose — leeches in it — polypus — coryza — glanders — farcy — The bones of the mouth — the lips — the bars of the mouth — the pad teeth in the upper jaw — the teeth — the age indicated by them — the long tongue of the ox — the os hyoides — gloss-anthrax or blain^ thrush in the mouth — the glands and blood-vessels of the neck — the parotid gland barbs or paps — the soft palate — the pharynx. Chapter XI. — ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE NECK AND CHEST The muscles of the neck and chest — the crest of the bull — form and size of the neck — arteries of the neck — bleeding — the fleam preferred — bleeding places — the milk-vein with reference to bleeding — The heart — inflammation of its bag — the bone of the heart — the pulse — the capillary vessels — inflammation — Fever — inflammatory fever — quarter-evil — black quarter — typhus fever — the veins — varicose veins — The structure and form of the chest — the brisket — indications of its different forms — The ribs — proper form and direction of — the spine — reasons of its difference from that of the horse — the larynx — the round curled form of the epiglottis — the windpipe — tracheotomy — the sweetbread — the bronchial tubes — catarrh or hoove — epidemic catarrh — the malignant epidemic — murrain — long account of the epidemics of different times — sore throat inflammation of the pharynx — puncturing the pharynx — bronchitis — multitude of worms often found in the air-passages — bronchitis in Jamaica — inflammation of the lungs — acute pneumonia — epidemic ditto — pleurisy — chronic pleurisy — consumption — importance of recognizing the peculiar cough of consumption Chapter XII. — THE STRUCTURE AND DISEASES OF THE GULLET AND STOMACH The peculiar structure of the gullet of ruminants — choking — the esophagus-probang — stricture of the gullet — rupture of ditto — the esophageal canal — the rumen or paunch — the reticulum or honeycomb — the manyplus or manifolds — the abomasum or fourth stomach — the esophageal canal continued — the muscular pillars of its floor — they yield to a solid substance — circumstances under which fluids pass over them into the third and fourth stomachs, or between them into the rumen — the food macerated in the rumen — passes through all the compartments of it — thrown into the reticulum — its honeycomb structure — the pellet formed — forced into the esophageal canal — reascends the gullet — remasticatcd — returned — passes along the canal into the manyplus — the leaves of the manyplus — the fibrous parts of the food — indigestible substances in the paunch — concretions in ditto — distention of the rumen from food — ditto from gas — hoove — the stomach-pump — the chloride of lime — loss of cud — poisons — yew — corrosive sublimate — diseases of the reticulum — diseases of the nianyfolds — clew-bound — fardel-bound malformation of manyplus — diseases of the fourth stomach — vomiting. Chapter XIII. — THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN, LIVER, AND PANCREAS Anatomy and function of the spleen — inflammation of it — enlargement — The liver — inflammation of it — hcemorrhage — jaundice or yellows — The pancreas. Chapter XIV. — THE ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF THE INTESTINES The duodenum — jejunum — ileum — caecum — colon — rectum — enlargement of the mesenteric glands — inflammation of the bowels — wood evil — moor ill — diarrhoea dysentery — inflammation of the duodenum — colic — strangulation — the cords or gut-tie — introsusception — inversion of the rectum — constipation — calculi — worms — dropsy hernia or rupture. Chapter XV. — THE URINARY ORGANS AND THEIR DISEASES The kidneys — red water — black water — inflammation of the kidneys — the ureters the bladder — urinary calculi — stone in the kidney — ureters — bladder — urethra — rupture of the bladder — inversion of ditto. Chapter XVI. — BREEDING — PARTURITION The principles of breeding — like produces like — comparative influence of sire and dam — suitableness to the soil and climate — utility — good feeding — how far in and in — Abortion or slinking — symptoms of pregnancy — treatment before calving — natural labour — the ergot of rye — mechanical assistance — unnatural presentation — free-martins — the Caesarean operation — embryotomy — inversion of the womb — rupture of ditto — protrusion of the bladder — retention of the foetus — attention after calving — the cleansing — flooding — dropping after calving — puerperal or milk fever — sore teats garget. Chapter XVII. — THE DISEASES AND MANAGEMENT OF CALVES Navel ill — constipation — diarrhoea — hoove — castration — French method of castration. Chapter XVIII. — THE DISEASES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND THE EXTREMITIES Rheumatism — swellings of the joints — ulcers about the joints — opened joints sprains — diseases of the feet — foul in the feet — shoeing. Chapter XIX. — THE DISEASES OF THE SKIN Structure of the skin — sensible and insensible perspiration — hide-bound — mange — leprosy — lice — warbles — angle-berries — warts. Chapter XX. — A LIST OF THE MEDICINES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASES OF CATTLE AEthiop's mineral — aloes — alteratives — alum — ammonia — anodynes — antimonial powder — blue vitriol — butyr of antimony — antispasmodics — astringents — blisters — calamine — calombo — calomel — camphor — cantharides — carraways — castor oil — catechu caustics — chalk — chamomile — charges — chloride of lime — clysters — cordials — corrosive sublimate — croton — diaplioretics — digitalis — diuretics — drinks — elder — emetic tartar Epsom salts — fomentations — gentian — ginger — Glauber's salts — Goulard's extract hellebore, black — iodine — ipecacuanha — laudanum — linseed — linseed oil — lunar caustic — mashes — mercurial ointment — mint — myrrh — nitre — pitch — poultices — ergot of rye — common salt — setons — spirit of nitrous ether — spirit, rectified — sugar of lead — sulphur — tar — tonics — turpentine, common — turpentine, spirit of — vinegar — white lead white vitriol.
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