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Preface to the Eighth Edition A large part of the present edition of Modern Seamanship has been entirely rewritten and the remainder carefully revised. At all points it has been as completely as possible brought up to date. A comparison with the Seventh Edition will indicate that the most extensive changes are, as would naturally be expected, in the earlier chapters; that is to say, in the chapters which deal with materials, rather than with principles. Important changes have, however, been made in the later chapters and considerable new matter has been added. The chapters on Submarines and Submarine Chasers and the final chapter, on "Assistance by Public Vessels to Vessels in Distress" are entirely new, and that on Destroyers is practically so. The Rules of the Road have been re-arranged to provide for easy comparison of the Inland with the International Rules. Much care has been taken in the arrangement of plates to bring each one as close as possible to the text with which it is associated. In the preparation of this, as in that of other editions, assistance has been sought from many sources, and the author acknowledges with high appreciation the help received from a large number of his brother officers of the Navy, the Coast Guard, and the Merchant Marine. The Officers of the Seamanship Department of the. Naval Academy have contributed suggestions of much value based upon experience in the use of the work as a text book. Captain W. L. Littlefield of the Bureau of Construction and Repair has been untiring in his interest and helpfulness. A large part of the material in the chapters on Ground Tackle and Boats has been supplied by him, with the approval of the Chief of Bureau. The Chapter on Destroyers, in its new form, is chiefly the work of the Lieutenant Commander W. W. Smith: that on Submarines is by Lieutenant Wilder D. Baker, and that on Submarine Chasers, by Captain A. J. Hepburn. It is believed that these three chapters will be recognized as among the most interesting and valuable in the book. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous co-operation of Commodore W. E. Reynolds and other officers of the Coast Guard, and the very valuable assistance received from them, in connection, especially, with "Boats" (Chapter IX) and "Assistance to Vessels in Distress" (Chapter XXIX). Valuable information and suggestions were received from Rear Admiral W. S. Sims, Rear Admiral H. B. Wilson, Rear Admiral J. A. Hoogewerff, Rear Admiral H. P. Jones, Rear Admiral L. H. Chandler, Captain C. T. Vogelgesang, Captain W. A. Moffett, Captain T. T. Craven, Captain C. T. Owens, Captain C. S. Kempff, Commander R. S. Holmes, Commander J. P. Lannon, Commander S. C. Hooper, Lieutenant T. A. M. Craven and Lieutenant G. D. Barringer, all of the Navy, and from Captain B. H. Camden, Commander H. G. Hamlett, Lieutenant-Commander F. C. Billard, and Lieutenant-Commander H. C. Roach, of the Coast Guard. Also from Captain E. K. Roden of the International Correspondence Schools, and Captain Felix Reisenberg, recently Editor of "The National Marine." Information was courteously furnished by the American Steel and Wire Co., The Columbian Rope Co., The Waterbury Co., The Plymouth Cordage Co., The John T. Roebling's Sons Co., The General Electric Co., The Sperry Gyroscope Co., The American Balsa Co., The Steward Davit and Equipment Co., The American Engineering Co., The Hyde Windlass Co., The Kelvin and Wilfred O. White Co., T. S. and J. D. Negus, and John Bliss & Co. AUSTIN M. KNIGHT. WASHINGTON, August 30, 1921. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. An attempt is made, in the following pages, to cover a wider field than that covered by most of the existing works on Seamanship. The admirable treatises of Luce, Nares, and Alston, originating in the days when seamanship was almost wholly concerned with the fitting and handling of vessels under sail, have preserved through later editions the general characteristics which they naturally assumed in the beginning. These treatises will never be out of date until the time, still far in the future, when sails shall have been entirely driven out by steam. It will hardly be denied, however, that the Steamer has long since established its claim to consideration in Seamanship, and that there is room for a work in which this claim shall be more fully recognized than in the treatises above referred to. The excellent work of Captains Todd and Whall, "Practical Seamanship for the Merchant Service," deals more fully than either of its predecessors with the handling of steamers j but its point of view is, as its name implies, primarily and almost exclusively that of the Merchant Service. Shortly after the present work was begun, a circular letter was addressed to officers of the merchant service and extensively circulated through the Branch Hydrographic Offices at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk, requesting the views of the officers addressed. The answers received to these questions were unexpectedly numerous and complete. More than forty prominent officers of the Merchant Service replied, many of them writing out their views and describing their experiences with a fullness of detail far beyond anything that could have been anticipated. The thanks of the author are due particularly to the following for letters or for personal interviews covering the above points : Capt. W. H. Thompson, S. S. Belgenland; Capt. T. Evans, S. S. Runo: Capt. J. Dann, S. S. Southwark: 1st Officer T. Anfindsen, S. S. Southwark: Capt. J. C. Jameson, S. S. St. Paul ; Capt. H. E. Nickels, S. S. Friesland: Capt. G. J. Loveridge, S. S. Buffalo: Capt. F. M. Howes, S. S. Kershaw: Capt. T. J. Thorkildsen, S. S. Trojan j Capt. Otto Neilsen, S. S. Pennland; Capt. H. Doxrud, S. S. Noordland: Capt. C. O. Rockwell, Clyde S. S. Co.: Capt. S. W. Watkins, S. S. Montana: Capt. Anders Beer, S. 'S. Nordkyn: Capt. J. M. Johnston, S. S. Sardinian ; Capt. A. R. Mills, S. S. Westernland: Capt. J. S. Garvin, S. S. Cherokee: Capt. Robt. B. Quick, S. S. El Cid: Capt. Wm. J. Roberts, S. S. New York: Capt. T. Richardson, S. S. Noranmore; Capt. E. O. Marshall, S. S. Maryland; 1st Officer H. S. Lane, S. S. Maryland: Capt. W. F. Bingham, S. S. Marengo ; Capt. R. Cowing, S. S. Greathani; Capt. H. J. Byrne, U. S. A. T. McPherson: Capt. Paul Grosch, S. S. Stuttgart: Capt. Geo. Schrotter, S. S. Belgravia: Capt. F. C. Saunders, S. S. English King: Capt. Chas. Cabot, S. S. Venango j Capt. Chas. Pinkham, S. S. Queen Wilhelmina: Capt. A. Traue, S. S. Miinchen ; Capt. W. Thomas, S. S. Quernmore j Capt. H. O. Nickerson, Fall River Line: Capt. Geo. Lane, Baltimore Steam Packet Co. Important assistance was received from Naval Constructor W. J. Baxter, U. S. Navy, who prepared Chapters I and XVIII; and from Lieutenant E. E. Hayden, U. S. Navy, who contributed several Charts and much valuable information upon Meteorology, for Chapter XIX. Chapter V was suggested by a paper, "Mechanical Appliances on board Ship," by Captain Thomas Mackenzie, issued by the London Shipmasters' Society as No. 29 of their valuable series of publications. It would be impossible to mention all the naval officers who have assisted the author with criticism and suggestions: but acknowledgment is especially clue to Lieut.-Commander A. W. Grant, Lieut. John Hood, Lieut. W. R. M. Field, Lieut. John Gow, Lieut.-Commander W. F. Worthington, Commander J. E. Pillsbury, Lieut. V. S. Nelson, Lieut. Ridgely Hunt, and Chief Boatswain W. L. Hill, all of the United States Navy. Above all, acknowledgment is due to Chief Boatswain C. F. Pierce, U. S. Navy, who not only assisted in the preparation of many parts of the text, but prepared sketches for fully one-half the illustrations of the volume. AUSTIN M. KNIGHT. UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY, APRIL 1, 1901. Table of Contents CHAPTER I. THE SHIP. Types of Ships. Fighting Ships. Auxiliary Ships. Battleships. Battle Cruisers. Scout Cruisers. Light Cruisers. Destroyers. Submarines. Sailing Ships. Naval Aviation CHAPTER II. THE HULL AND FITTINGS OF A SHIP. Construction and Parts of Hull. Keel. Frames. Double Bottoms. Longitudinals. Stem and Stern. Rudder. Propellers. Drainage. Ventilation. Steering Gear. Telemotor CHAPTER III. ROPE. Fibres for Rope. Manila Rope Hemp Rope. "Small Stuff". Manufacture of Rope. Wire Rope. Types of Wire Rope. Characteristics of Various Types. Types Suited for Various Purposes. Galvanizing Care and Handling of Wire Rope. Notes on Wire Rope. Wire Hawsers. CHAPTER IV. KNOTTING AND SPLICING. Working in Hemp and Manila Knots and Splices in Hemp and Manila. Working in Wire Rope. Splicing Wire Rope. Appliances for Use with Wire Rope CHAPTER V. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES ON SHIPBOARD The Composition and Resolution of Forces. Analysis of Forces in Mechanical Appliances. Mast and Boom. The Derrick The Span. The Lever CHAPTER VI. BLOCKS AND TACKLES. Blocks. Types of Blocks. Tackles. Principles of Tackles Power of Tackles. Effect of Friction in Tackles. Types of Tackles. Practical Rules for Strength of Rope, Blocks, and Tackles CHAPTER VII. HANDLING HEAVY WEIGHTS. Rigging Yards and Derricks for Handling Heavy Weights. Analysis of Forces Involved. Use of a Span. Use of a Derrick. Use of a Boom--Boat Crane. Practical Examples in Handling Weights CHAPTER VIII. THE COMPASS LOG AND LEAD-SUBMARINE SIGNALS. The Magnetic Compass The Gyroscopic Compass. The Radio Compass. The Pelorus. Bearings. Measurement of Speed. Patent Logs. Revolutions of the Screw. Sounding. The Hand Lead Sounding Machines. Principles of Sounding Machine. Types of Sounding Machines. Sounding by Machine. Submarine Signals. Principles and Applications of Submarine Signals CHAPTER IX. BOATS. Construction of Boats. Types of Boats. Metallic Boats. Buoyancy of Boats. Classification of Boats. Self-Bailing Boats. Self-Righting Boats. U. S. Coast Guard Boats. Man-of-War Boats. The Stowage and Handling of Boats. Davits. Cradles. Detaching Apparatus (Releasing Gear). Lowering Boats. Hoisting Boats. Handling Heavy Boats. Notes on Care and Handling of Power Boats. Diseases of Steamers and Motor Boats, and Remedies. Rig of Boats for Sailing. Handling Boats Under Sail. Handling Boats Under Oars. Towing Boats CHAPTER X. HANDLING BOATS IN A SURF. Preliminar y. Rules of Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Rowing to Seaward. Running before a Surf to the Shore. Beaching or Landing Through a Surf. Practical Notes on the Management of Boats in a Surf. CHAPTER XI. GROUND TACKLE. Anchors. Types of Anchors. Old-fashioned and Patent Anchors. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types. Housing in Hawse-pipe. Chain Cables Details of Cables. Manufacture of Cables. Stowing Cables. Overhauling Cables. Make-up of Cable. Weight and Strength of Chain. Windlasses. Details of Ground-Tackle. Letting-go Anchor-Speed of Ship in Letting-go Anchoring in Squadron. Anchoring in Deep Water. Weighing. Stowing Anchors. Foul Anchor. Anchoring by the Stern. Riding at Single Anchor. Advantage of Long Scope. Dragging. Mooring. Advantages and Disadvantages of Mooring, To Moor. A Flying Moor. Clear and Foul Hawse. The Mooring-Swivel. Putting on the Swivel. Taking Off the Swivel Tending Ship CHAPTER XII. CARRYING OUT ANCHORS. Occasions for Carrying out Anchors. Difficulties. Methods of Carrying On. Fittings Required. Floating Power of Boats. Strength of Spars. To Pick up an Anchor. Dragging for Anchor or Cable. Weighing by Ship or With Boat. Lost Bower or Sheet CHAPTER XIII. THE STEERING OF STEAMERS. New Terminology of United States Navy as to Helm and Rudder. The Elements Entering into the Steering of Steamers. The Rudder. The Screw Current. Analysis of the Screw Current and its Effects. The Sidewise Pressure of the Screw Blades. The Wake Current. Ship and Screw Going Ahead. The Turning of Ships. The Turning Circle. Ship and Screw Going Astern. Effects of Rudder and Screw Currents. Ship Going Ahead, Screw Backing. Forces Involved and their Effects. Behavior of the Ship under Various Conditions. Ship Going Astern, Screw Going Ahead. Forces Involved and their Effects, To Turn in a Limited Space. Twin Screws. Advantages of Twin Screws. Turning of Twin-Screw Ships under different Conditions. Additional Notes upon Steering. Effect of Wind. Effect of Sea. Effect of Shallow Water. Heeling of Ships in Turning. Importance of Knowing the Manoeuvring Power of Ships CHAPTER XIV. THE RULES OF THE ROAD. Various Sets of Rules for Preventing Collision. Authorities to be Consulted upon Rules. International and Inland Rules (United States) in Parallel Columns, with Notes. Vessels' Lights. Sound Signals for Fog, etc. Speed in a Fog. Steering and Sailing Rules. Sound Signals for Vessels in Sight of each other. Miscellaneous Rules. Remarks on Rules of the Road. Decisions of the Courts upon Rules of the Road. Decisions upon Speed in a Fog. Laws Relating to Rules of the Road. Rules of other Nations than United States CHAPTER XV. MANOEUVRING TO AVOID COLLISION. Preliminary. Steamers Meeting. Steamers Crossing. Relative Speeds of the two Vessels as Affecting the Point of Meeting. Discussion of the Manoeuvres proper for Avoiding Collision (with diagrams). Manoeuvre for Giving-way Ship Manoeuvre for Holding-on Ship. A Steamer and a Sailing Vessel. In a Fog. General Discussion. Manoeuvres Proper under Various Conditions. Speed in a Fog. The Law as to Moderate Speed. Reasonableness of the Law. Fallacy of the Arguments in Favor of High Speed CHAPTER XVI. PILOTING. Fixing the Ship's Position. The Chart. Bearings. Danger Angle-Distance of an Object in the Horizon Distance of an Object by Two Bearings. Bow and Beam Bearings. Currents. Danger Due to Currents. Tidal Currents. Slack Water Distinguished from High and Low Effect of Local Conditions upon Tidal Currents. Navigating in a Fog Speed in a Fog. Navigating by Soundings. Use of Sounding Machine. Buoyage. General Rules as to Buoyage. Buoyage of United States Waters CHAPTER XVII. HANDLING A STEAMER ALONGSIDE A DOCK. Preliminary. The Effects of Lines, Helm and Currents. The Effect of a "Spring." Advantages of Twin Screws. Practical Cases. Handling Steamers without Tugs.. Putting a Right-handed Screw Vessel Alongside under Various Conditions. Head Tide. Fair Tide. Working into a Restricted Berth. Working into a Slip. Use of a Spring. Use of the Helm. A Head Tide. A Fair Tide. Hauling into a Dry Dock. To Wind a Steamer at a Dock. To Wind a Steamer in Making a Landing. Getting Clear of a Dock. Handling a Large Vessel with the Aid of Tugs. Docking of a Large Ocean Liner at New York. Undocking. CHAPTER XVIII. PLACING A SHIP IN DRY DOCK. The Docking Plan. Fittings of a Dock. Preparations for Docking. Floating the Vessel in. Pumping Out the Dock and Securing the Ship. Precautions. Inspection of Underwater Hull Flooding the Dock and Floating the Ship CHAPTER XIX. WEATHER AND THE LAWS OF STORMS. Weather, Winds, Clouds and Rainfall. Weather Maps of the World for January and July Isobars. Highs and Lows. Cyclones and Anticyclones. Weather of Cyclones and Anti-cyclones. Velocity of Wind Dependent upon Barometric Gradient Moisture and Precipitation. General Wind Circulation. Explanation of the Motion of Rotation in Cyclones and Anti-cyclones. Buys-Ballots Law. Trade Winds. Westerlies General Eastward Movement of the Atmosphere in High Latitudes. Weather Changes and Weather Prediction. Weather Maps of the United States. Temperature Changes. Precipitation Monsoons. Land and Sea Breezes. The Barometer. Clouds. The Law of Storms The Origin of Tropical Hurricanes. Air and Cloud-Circulation in a Hurricane. Motion of Rotation. Motion of Translation. Chart Illustrating the Progress of a Hurricane. Shifts of Wind The Storm Wave. Indications of an Approaching Hurricane. Rules for Manoeuvring in a Hurricane. Difference between a Steamer and a Sailing Vessel CHAPTER XX. HANDLING STEAMERS IN HEAVY WEATHER. Lying-to. Lying-to with Sea on the Bow. Objections to the Preceding Method in a Modern Steamer. Drag of the Propeller. Lying-to with Engines Stopped. Running Slow before the Sea. Rolling of a Ship in Waves. Relation between the Period of the Ship and That of the Sea. Importance of Breaking up Synchronism between Periods of the Ship and the Waves. Bringing a Steamer up Head to Sea and Holding Her There. Sea-Anchors. Anchors for Large Ships. Riding Out a Gale at Anchor. The Use of Oil. Advantages of Oil Method of Using under Different Conditions. Opinions of Shipmasters upon Lying-to in Modern Steamers CHAPTER XXI. THE HANDLING OF DESTROYERS. Design and Characteristics of Destroyers. Types of Destroyers. Motive Power. Manoeuvring. Handling Alongside Docks. Handling Alongside other Vessels at Anchor. Alongside other Vessels Underway. Receiving Stores or Passengers from Vessels Underway. Behavior at Sea. In Heavy Weather Navigation. In Restricted Waters Towing. Assisting Vessels in Distress CHAPTER XXII. THE SUBMARINE CHASERS. Development. Characteristics. Employment of. Handling. Performance at Sea CHAPTER XXIII. SUBMARINES. General Features of Design and Construction. Interior Arrangements. Ventilation Operating on Surface. Diving. Preparation and Orders for Diving. Handling Submerged Periscopes. "Do's" and "Don'ts". Turning Circles. Emergencies. Heavy Weather Towing CHAPTER XXIV. KEEPING STATIONS AND MANCEUVRING IN SQUADRON. Difficulty in Keeping Station. Use of Instruments. Importance of Uniform Speed. To Regain Position In a Fog. Danger of Collision with Vessel outside of Fleet. Breakdown. Man Overboard Steaming in Line. Steaming in Echelon. To Change Course Rules for Turning. Turning Inside. Turning Outside Turning More than Eight Points. Turning Simultaneously. Anchoring. Getting Underway. Handling Turbine Ships. Handling a Ship Propelled by Electric Drive. Duties of Officers of Deck. "Notes B, Handling Ships" Atlantic Fleet ' CHAPTER XXV. TOWING. The Towline Should be Long and Heavy Chain-cable. Wire-rope Manila and Coir. Advantage of Keeping Ships "In Step" Securing the Line on the Towing Vessel. Securing the Line on the Tow. Towing in Smooth Water. Tow-rope Resistances. Starting a Tow. Taking a Disabled Vessel in Tow at Sea. Importance of Considering the Drift of the Vessels. Most Favorable Positions for Running Lines. Use of a Boat. Use of a Float. Code of Signals. Rocket Gun. Running Lines. Casting off Standard Towing Equipment, United States Navy. Towing Engines. Towing Alongside. Advantages of Towing Engines. Use of Wirerope with Towing Engines. Towing Alongside. Making Fast Along-side CHAPTER XXVI RESCUING THE CREW OF A WRECK. Manoeuvring. Lowering the Boat. Communication between the Boat and the Wreck Danger of Going Alongside to Leeward. Dropping Down with a Line The Use of Oil. Signals. If a Boat Cannot be Lowered. Examples of Rescues CHAPTER XXVII. MAN OVERBOARD. Danger that Man will be Struck by Screw. Engines should be Stopped at Once. Lookout from Aloft. Life-buoys. Importance of Having a Good Marker. Use of a Light for a Marker. Manoeuvring to Pick up the Man. Stopping and Backing. Turning the Ship. In Case of Fog. CHAPTER XXVIII. STRANDING. Backing or Pulling off. Possible Danger of Backing Immediately. Precautions to be Taken. Sounding. Laying Out Anchors. Tidal Currents. Lightening Ship. Assisted by Another Vessel. If Assisting Vessel Cannot Anchor. If Beach is Steep and not Rocky CHAPTER XXIX. ASSISTANCE BY VESSELS TO VESSELS IN DISTRESS. Work of U. S. Coast Guard. Calls for Assistance. Doctrine of Coast Guard in Rendering Assistance. Attitude in Cases where Commercial Assistance is at Hand. Removal of Derelicts. Rescuing Crew of Ship in Danger of Foundering. Taking a Disabled Vessel in Tow. Floating a Stranded Vessel. Coast Guard Stations. Coast Patrol. Assisting Stranded Vessels. Line-Throwing Gun Breeches Buoy. Life Car. Directions to Mariners in Case of Shipwreck APPENDIX. I. SAILING SHIPS. Various Rigs. Details of Rigging. Sails. Canvas. Running Gear. II. TONNAGE OF SHIPS III. SHIP'S PUMPS AND THEIR USES. IV. PERMITTED DRAFT OF SHIPS. PLIMSOLL MARK. V. DETAILS OF NAVY BOATS. VI. ROPE. U. S. NAVY. VII. NOMENCLATURE OF DECKS. VIII. PRESERVATION OF SHIPS. IX. DIRECTIONS FOR OBTAINING TACTICAL DATA OF MEN-OF-WAR. X. BUOYAGE XI. DIRECTIONS FOR RESTORING THE APPARENTLY DROWNED. Instructions for Saving Drowning Persons by Swimming to their Relief End of Preview.
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