This book is included in the Outdoor Survival - Bio-Regional Environments section.
Introduction
New Zealand has a proud tradition of supporting and conducting science in Antarctica.
This manual is designed to help you function safely in the Antarctic environment. It contains essential information on first aid, environmental codes, operating procedures and safe practices in the field.
Make sure everyone in your party is familiar with the contents and take it with you whenever you leave Scott Base.
On behalf of all the staff at Antarctica New Zealand, I wish you a safe and successful research season.
Lou Sanson
Chief Executive
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Operating in the Field 1.1 On Arrival at Scott Base 1.2 Equipment 1.3 Spares 1.4 Antarctic Field Training 1.5 Leadership 1.6 Event Risk Assessment & Field Checkout 1.7 Field Parties 1.8 Fam Trips 1.9 Diving 1.10 Return from the Field 2 Environmental Protection 2.1 Enforcement Procedures 2.2 Environmental Authorisations 2.3 Waste in the Field 2.4 Minimising the Impacts of Field Activities 2.5 Historic Sites and Monuments 2.6 Other Sites of past Activities 2.7 Oil/Fuel Spills 2.8 GPS Guidelines 2.9 Further Information 3 Field Travel 3.1 Conditions 3.2 Weather • Precipitation • Wind • Travel Conditions • GPS & Travel • Blowing Snow • White-Out Conditions 3.3 Ice & Snow Hazards • Avalanche Hazard • Icefall Hazard 3.4 Glaciers • Crevasses • Glacier Travel - On Foot • Crevasse Rescue 3.5 Glacier Travel - By Vehicle • Heavy Vehicles • Snowmobile and SledgeTravel in Crevassed Terrain • Linked Travel Systems • Drivers and Sledge Riders • Driver Behaviour • Sledges • Towing Bridles • Linkline • Snowmobiles • Link Systems for Snowmobiles and Sledges • ‘USAP’ System • BAS System • Snowmobile Crevasse Extraction 3.6 Sea-Ice • Surface Flooding • Vehicle Extraction on Sea Ice • Flagging and Measuring • Sea-Ice Cracks • Tide Cracks 3.7 Dry Valleys 3.8 Navigation • Position • Antarctic Maps • Antarctic Aerial Photography • Magnetic Compass • GPS 4 Flying in Antarctica 4.1 Clothing 4.2 Red Flight Survival Bags (Double & Single) 4.3 Helicopter Flying • Flight Planning • Weather Requirements • Load and Flight Limitations • Helicopter Loading • Underslung Load Operations • Hook-up Procedure • Bell 212 Characteristics • AS350B2 Characteristics (A Star) • Communications with Helicopters • Signal Mirror • Indicating Wind Direction to Landing Helicopters • Landing Sites in the Field • Mandatory Radio Check • Take off and Landing • Operation Sounds and Motions • Engine Failure • Safety Precautions Summary 4.4 Fixed-Wing Aircraft • LC130 • Twin Otter 4.5 Transportation of Hazardous Goods by Air 5 Surface Transport 5.1 Snowmobiles 5.2 Motorbikes 5.3 PB100 5.4 Hägglunds BV206 5.5 Sledges • Sledge Loading • Towing Sledges • Box Sledges 6 Clothing Tips 7 Field Camps 7.1 Site Selection 7.2 Tents • Erecting a Polar Tent in Strong Winds • Ablakov (Thread) Anchors • Other Tents 7.3 Setting Up Camp • Organisation of a Polar Tent 7.4 Stoves • Primus Stove Operation • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Primus Care and Maintenance 7.5 Consumables - Guides to Rate of Use 7.6 Cooking Equipment 7.7 Bedding 7.8 Emergency Shelters • Snow Trench • Snow Mound • Snow Cave 8 Search and Rescue (SAR) 8.1 SAR Team and Training 8.2 Scott Base SAR Kit 8.3 Rescue Action 9 Refuge Huts 9.1 New Zealand 9.2 USA 10 Field Communications 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Emergency Communications • Distress • Urgency • Action on Hearing a Distress Message • Cancellation of Mayday or Pan Messages 10.3 Field Party Operating Procedures • At Schedule Times • Guide to Good Radio Procedures • Outside Schedule Times • Missed Schedule • Communications With Detached Field Party Units • Faxes and Email Messages to and from the Field • Action in the Event of Lost Communications • Local Field Party • Deep Field Party • Use of Iridium Satellite Telephones • In the Event of a Fire Alarm at Scott Base • Parties Local to Scott Base • Vehicle Mounted VHF Radios 10.4 Frequencies • Guard Stations and Frequencies • HF Operating Frequencies 10.5 VHF Coverage Areas 10.6 Call Signs 10.7 Communications with Aircraft • Aircraft call signs 10.8 Weather Observations — Deep Field 10.9 Operation of VHF Radios • Motorola GP328 • Battery Management • Vehicle and Cape Bird Hut VHF Radios • Scott Base Telephone Exchange Access 10.10 Operation of HF Radios • Battery Management • Codan X2 105 • Q-Mac HF-90 • Spectratek SR3 10.11 Antenna Set Up and Maintenance • Hägglunds vehicles • Field Party Antennas • Setting Up the Antenna • Emergency Repairs • Static Electricity on the Antenna 10.12 Phonetic Alphabet 10.13 Time Signals 10.14 Ground-Air Emergency Code 10.15 Glossary of Terms 11 Checklists 11.1 Tents - Types and Weights and Repair Kit 11.2 Field Food Box Contents 11.3 Kitchen Box Contents 11.4 Primus Box Contents • Tilley Lanterns 11.5 Sledge Repairs and Spares Box 11.6 Deep Field Party Emergency Clothing 11.7 Rescue Bag 11.8 Survival Bags, Double and Single 11.9 Equipment Weights 12 Appendices 12.1 Fuel Container Markings 12.2 Conversion Tables 12.3 Antarctic Specially Protected Area Maps
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