AFMAN 11-248 Flying Operations: T-6 Primary Flying

This book is included in the Military Field & Training Manuals section.
wwhmurray1
This manual implements AFPD 11-2, Aircraft Rules and Procedures. It contains the basic procedures and
techniques that apply to all personnel operating T-6 aircraft under operational control of Air Education
and Training Command (AETC). With the exception of the associate instructor pilot (IP) programs, this
manual does not apply to Air National Guard or Air Force Reserve Command units or members. While
this manual primarily addresses the student pilot, it provides the general guidelines for all T-6 pilots. It
addresses basic flying tasks and planning considerations and is designed to be used in conjunction with
AFI 11-202, Volume 3, General Flight Rules; AFI 11-2T-6, Volume 1, T-6 Aircrew Training; AFI
11-2T-6, Volume 2, T-6A Aircrew Evaluation Criteria; AFI 11-2T-6, Volume 3, T-6 Operations Procedures;
and Technical Order (TO) 1T-6A-1, Flight Manual, USAF/USN Series T-6A Aircraft.

This manual presents a solid foundation on which student training missions can be accomplished and
instructor continuation training maintained. Use safety considerations as a guide in determining the best
course of action for situations not specifically covered by this publication.

HQ AETC/A3 is the waiver authority for this manual. Submit waiver requests in message or memorandum
format, through stan/eval channels to HQ AETC/A3FV. The operations group commander (OG/CC)
is the waiver authority for subordinate unit supplements. Submit suggested changes to this manual on AF
Form 847, Recommendation for Change of Publication, through stan/eval channels to HQ AETC/A3FV,
1 F Street, Suite 2, Randolph AFB TX 78150-4325. Units may supplement this manual but will forward
copies of any supplements to 19AF/DO and HQ AETC/A3FV for approval prior to publication. Attachment
1 contains a list of references and acronyms used throughout the publication.

Ensure all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are maintained in accordance
with AFMAN 37-123, Management of Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force
Records Disposition Schedule (RDS) located at https://afrims.amc.af.mil/rds_series.cfm.

Chapter 1— GENERAL INFORMATION 
	1.1. Introduction To This Manual: 
	1.2. How to Use This Manual. 
	1.3. Introduction. 
	1.4. Safety. 
	1.5. Flight Discipline. 
	1.6. Checklist Discipline. 
	1.7. Single-Engine Mentality. 
	1.8. Cockpit/Crew Resource Management (CRM): 
	1.9. Operational Risk Management (ORM). 
	1.10. Mission Preparation. 
	1.11. Fuel Considerations. 
	1.12. Mission Briefing. 
	1.13. Debrief. 
	1.14. Tandem Seat Challenges. 
	1.15. Transfer of Aircraft and Systems Control. 
	1.16. Clearing. 
Figure 1.1. Clock Positions. 
Figure 1.2. FCP Canopy Code, Elevation. 
Figure 1.3. FCP Canopy Code, Azimuth. 
	1.17. G-Awareness. 
	1.18. Radio Procedures.
	1.19. GPS Usage. 
	1.20. Emergency Procedures. 
	1.21. Tabletop and Standup Emergency Procedures (EPs): 
Figure 1.4. A-A-B-C-D-E-F Method of Accomplishing Practice EPs. 

Chapter 2— BASIC T-6 FLIGHT PRINCIPLES 33
	2.1. Introduction. 
	2.2. Control Effects. 
Figure 2.1. Control Axes. 
	2.3. Use of Controls. 
Table 2.1. General T-6 Airspeeds and Power Settings. 
	2.4. Trim: 
Figure 2.2. Trim Tab Locations. 
	2.5. Coordination. 
	2.6. Power and Torque Effects: 
Figure 2.3. Slipstream Effects. 
Figure 2.4. P-Factor. 
Figure 2.5. Torque. 
Figure 2.6. Gyroscopic Effects. 
	2.7. Composite Flight. 
	2.8. Basic Instrument Flight. 
	2.9. Straight-and-Level Flight (Figure 2.7.): 
Figure 2.7. Level Flight 200 KIAS (half-ground/half-sky). 
	2.10. Turns: 
	2.11. Adverse Yaw: 
	2.12. Uncoordinated Flight: 
Figure 2.8. Coordinated and Uncoordinated Flight. 

Chapter 3— GROUND OPERATIONS 
	3.1. Introduction. 
	3.2. Preflight Check. 
	3.3. Seating Position in the Aircraft. 
	3.4. Cockpit Organization. 
	3.5. Interior Inspection. 
	3.6. Engine Start: 
	3.7. OBOGS Check. 
	3.8. Radio Procedures. 
	3.9. Taxi: 
	3.10. Over Speed Governor Check. 
	3.11. Before Takeoff and Lineup Checks. 
	3.12. After Landing. 
	3.13. Full Stop and/or Taxi Back. 
	3.14. Engine Shutdown Before Leaving Aircraft. 
	3.15. Post Flight Inspection. 
	3.16. Abnormal Procedures. 

Chapter 4— TAKEOFF, CLIMB, AND LEVEL-OFF 
	4.1. Introduction. 
	4.2. Lineup Check: 
	4.3. Takeoff: 
Figure 4.1. FCP Takeoff Pitch Attitude. 
	4.4. Crosswind Takeoff. 
Figure 4.2. Skipping on Takeoff. 
	4.5. After Becoming Airborne: 
	4.6. After Becoming Airborne (Crosswind). 
Figure 4.3. Crabbing Into Crosswind After Takeoff. 
	4.7. Abnormal Procedures: 
	4.8. Turns After Takeoff. 
	4.9. Climbs: 
Figure 4.4. Constant Airspeed Climb Pitch Attitudes. 

Chapter 5— TRAFFIC PATTERNS AND LANDINGS
	5.1. Introduction. 
	5.2. Letdown and Traffic Entry: 
	5.3. Aircraft Configuration. 
	5.4. Overhead Pattern and Landing.
Figure 5.1. Normal Traffic Pattern. 
	5.5. Initial: 
	5.6. Break: 
	5.7. Inside or Closed Downwind: 
Table 5.1. Overhead Pattern Parameters. 
	5.8. Perch and Final Turn: 
Figure 5.2. Perch Point Reference. 
	5.9. Final. 
	5.10. Straight-In Approach: 
	5.11. Normal Landing: 
	5.12. Touch-and-Go Landing: 
	5.13. Closed Traffic (Closed Pullup) (Figure 5.3.): 
Figure 5.3. Closed Pullup. 
	5.14. Abnormal Pattern Procedures. 
	5.15. Straight Through on Initial. 
	5.16. Breakout from Overhead Pattern: 
	5.17. Go-Around: 
	5.18. Final Irregularities. 
	5.19. Low (Dragged-in) Final. 
	5.20. Steep Final. 
	5.21. Slow Final. 
	5.22. Landing Irregularities. 
	5.23. High Flare: 
	5.24. Late and Rapid Roundout: 
	5.25. Porpoising: 
	5.26. Floating: 
	5.27. Ballooning: 
	5.28. Bouncing: 
	5.29. Landing in a Drift or Crab. 
	5.30. Wing Rising After Touchdown: 
	5.31. Angle of Attack (AOA) Patterns (USN). 
Figure 5.4. AOA Traffic Pattern at Air Force Bases.
	5.32. Emergency Landing Patterns (ELPs).
Figure 5.5. ELP ORM 3-2-1.
	5.33. ELP Types.
	5.34. Initial Actions.
	5.35. High Altitude Power Loss (HAPL):
	5.36. Glide Performance.
	5.37. Slips:
	5.38. GPS Use on HAPL/ELPs (Figure 5.6.).
Figure 5.6. GPS Use During HAPL/ELPs.
	5.39. Emergency Landing Pattern:
Figure 5.7. Emergency Landing Pattern (Typical).
Table 5.2. Checkpoints for Emergency Landing Patterns (ELP).
	5.40. ELP Wind Analysis.
	5.41. ELPs Through Weather:
	5.42. Configured Slips: 

Chapter 6— CONTACT
	6.1. Introduction.
	6.2. Checks.
	6.3. Maneuvering at Increased G-Loading. 
	6.4. Area Orientation (Figure 6.1.).
Figure 6.1. Area Orientation. 
	6.5. Energy Management. 
	6.6. Power-on Stalls: 
	6.7. Secondary Stall. 
	6.8. ELP Stalls. 
	6.9. Traffic Pattern Stalls. 
	6.10. Slow-Flight: 
	6.11. Stability Demonstration. 
	6.12. Inadvertent Departure from Controlled Flight. 
	6.13. Intentional Spin Entry (emphasizing departure recognition and recovery):
	6.14. Intentional Spin Entry (emphasizing near steady state spin recognition
and recovery): 
	6.15. Contact Recoveries from Abnormal Flight.
	6.16. Nose-High Recovery:
Figure 6.2. Nose-High Recovery.
	6.17. Nose-Low Recovery:
Figure 6.3. Nose-Low Recovery.
	6.18. Inverted Recovery.
	6.19. Aerobatics:
Table 6.1. Summary of Entry Airspeeds and Power Settings for Aerobatics.
	6.20. Aileron Roll (Figure 6.4.):
Figure 6.4. Aileron Roll.
	6.21. Lazy 8 (Figure 6.5.):
Figure 6.5. Lazy 8.
	6.22. Barrel Roll (Figure 6.6.):
Figure 6.6. Barrel Roll.
	6.23. Loop (Figure 6.7.):
Figure 6.7. Loop.
	6.24. Immelman (Figure 6.8.):
Figure 6.8. Immelman.
	6.25. Split-S (Figure 6.9.): 
Figure 6.9. Split-S.
	6.26. Cuban-8 (Figure 6.10.):
Figure 6.10. Cuban-8.
	6.27. Cloverleaf (Figure 6.11.):
Figure 6.11. Cloverleaf.
	6.28. Chandelle (Figure 6.12.):
Figure 6.12. Chandelle.

Chapter 7— INSTRUMENT FLYING
	7.1. Introduction.
	7.2. Rear Cockpit Instrument Procedures.
	7.3. Use of Vision-Restricting Device (VRD). 
	7.4. EFIS and GPS Display Options.
	7.5. Task Management.
	7.6. Cockpit Organization.
	7.7. Control and Performance Concept.
	7.8. Instrument Flight Maneuvers.
	7.9. Turns and Turns To Headings:
Table 7.1. Common Instrument Pitch and Power Settings.
	7.10. Airspeed Changes:
	7.11. Constant Airspeed Climbs and Descents:
	7.12. Constant Rate Climbs and Descents:
	7.13. Instrument Slow-Flight:
	7.14. Steep Turns:
	7.15. Vertical-S:
	7.16. Confidence Maneuvers:
	7.17. Unusual Attitude Recoveries:
	7.18. Spatial Disorientation Demonstration.
	7.19. Application of Instrument Flight Maneuvers.
	7.20. Instrument Takeoff (ITO) and Climb:
	7.21. Level Off:
	7.22. Instrument Departures:
	7.23. Course Intercepts:
Figure 7.1. Inbound Course Intercepts.
Figure 7.2. Outbound Course Intercepts (Away from the Station).
	7.24. Arc and Radial Intercepts:
	7.25. Fix to Fix:
Figure 7.3. Fix-to-Fix Example.
Figure 7.4. Visualize the HSI.
	7.26. Inflight Checks:
	7.27. Holding:
	7.28. Penetrations and Descents:
Figure 7.5. EADI Descent Calculation.
	7.29. Final Approach:
	7.30. Transition to Landing:
	7.31. Circling Approach:
	7.32. Missed Approach:
	7.33. Climbout:

Chapter 8— NAVIGATION
Section 8A—General 
	8.1. Introduction.
	8.2. General.
	8.3. Mission Planning:
	8.4. Radio Procedures.
	8.5. Task Management and/or Cockpit Organization.
	8.6. Ground Operations:
Section 8B—IFR Navigation 
	8.7. Introduction.
	8.8. Mission Planning:
	8.9. Route Planning:
Figure 8.1. AF IMT 70 Example.
	8.10. Ground Ops:
	8.11. Departure.
	8.12. Enroute:
	8.13. Arrival.
Figure 8.2. Typical IFR Navigation Flight.
Section 8C—VFR Navigation 
	8.14. Introduction.
	8.15. Mission Planning.
	8.16. Route Planning:
	8.17. VFR Departure.
	8.18. Flying the Route:
	8.19. Abnormal Procedures:
Section 8D—Low-Level VFR Navigation 
	8.20. Introduction.
	8.21. Mission Planning.
	8.22. Scheduling and Filing.
	8.23. Briefing.
	8.24. Flying the Route.
	8.25. Abnormal Procedures:

Chapter 9— TWO-SHIP FORMATION
Section 9A—General
	9.1. Introduction.
	9.2. Introduction.
	9.3. Responsibilities:
	9.4. Visual Signals:
	9.5. Inflight Checks:
	9.6. Fuel and G-Awareness:
	9.7. FENCE Check.
	9.8. Battle Damage (BD) Check:
	9.9. Mission Planning.
	9.10. Mission Briefing:
	9.11. G-Awareness Exercise.
	9.12. Knock-It-Off and Terminate Procedures:
	9.13. Lost Wingman Procedures:
	9.14. Formation Breakout:
	9.15. Lost Sight Procedures:
	9.16. Lead Changes:
Section 9B—Terminology
	9.17. Introduction.
Figure 9.1. HCA and AA.
Figure 9.2. Aspect Angle.
Figure 9.3. 30 and 45 AA.
Figure 9.4. Lift and Velocity Vectors. 
Figure 9.5. Plane of Motion. 
Figure 9.6. Lead Pursuit. 
Figure 9.7. Pure Pursuit.
Figure 9.8. Lag Pursuit. 
Table 9.1. Pursuit Curve Summary. 
Figure 9.9. Aircraft 3/9 Line
Figure 9.10. High Yo-Yo. 
Figure 9.11. Quarter Plane. 
Figure 9.12. Low Yo-Yo. 
Section 9C—Formation Fundamentals
	9.18. Introduction. 
	9.19. Close Formation (Fingertip). 
Figure 9.13. Close (Fingertip) Turn-Into and Turn-Away Positions. 
Figure 9.14. Close (Fingertip) Spacing References. 
Figure 9.15. Echelon and Fingertip Positions. 
	9.20. Route Formation: 
Figure 9.16. Route. 
	9.21. Crossunder (Figure 9.17.): 
Figure 9.17. Crossunder. 
	9.22. Echelon Turn (Figure 9.18.). 
Figure 9.18. Echelon Turn. 
	9.23. Rejoins: 
	9.24. Overshoots: 
Figure 9.19. Overshoot. 
	9.25. Fighting Wing: 
Figure 9.20. Fighting Wing Cone. 
Section 9D—Mission Execution 
	9.26. Introduction. 
	9.27. Ground Operations: 
	9.28. Formation Departures (Figure 9.21.). 
	9.29. Objective. 
Figure 9.21. FormationTakeoff. 
	9.30. Wing Work Exercise (WW Ex):
Table 9.2. T-6 WW Ex Training Levels and Parameters.
	9.31. Practice Lost Wingman Procedures:
	9.32. Breakout Procedures:
	9.33. Close Trail Exercise (Figure 9.22.):
Figure 9.22. Close Trail.
	9.34. Pitchout:
	9.35. Take Spacing.
Section 9E—T-6 Extended Trail and Preparatory Exercise Procedures
	9.36. General.
	9.37. Range and Aspect Exercise:
Figure 9.23. Range and Aspect Exercise.
	9.38. Range Estimation.
Table 9.3. Range Estimation.
	9.39. Butterfly Setup to Line Abreast (Figure 9.24.):
Figure 9.24. Butterfly Setup to Line Abreast.
	9.40. Deconfliction Exercise:
Figure 9.25. Deconfliction Exercise.
	9.41. Lead/Lag Pursuit Exercise.
Figure 9.26. Misaligned Turn Circle Geometry.
Figure 9.27. Lead/Lag Pursuit Exercise.
	9.42. Pure Pursuit Exercise:
Figure 9.28. Pure Pursuit Exercise. 
	9.43. Blind Exercise:
Figure 9.29. Blind Exercise. 
Figure 9.30. High Aspect Rejoin Technique. 
	9.44. Extended Trail (ET). 
Table 9.4. ET Exercise Training Levels and Parameters. 
Section 9F—Formation Recoveries 
	9.45. Objective. 
	9.46. Description. 
	9.47. Procedure. 
Figure 9.31. Stacked Level on Final.
Section 9G—Abnormal Procedures
	9.48. Introduction.
	9.49. Formation Takeoff Abnormalities:
	9.50. Airborne Emergencies (General).
	9.51. Engine Problems.
	9.52. Physiological Incident.
	9.53. Bird Strike.
	9.54. Midair Collision.
	9.55. Spatial Disorientation:
	9.56. Aircraft Strobe Lights.
	9.57. Icing.
	9.58. No Radio (NORDO):
	9.59. Ejection.

Chapter 10— NIGHT FLYING
	10.1. Introduction.
	10.2. Briefing.
	10.3. Night Flying Techniques:
	10.4. Inspections and Checks.
	10.5. Taxiing.
	10.6. Takeoff.
	10.7. Optical Illusions.
	10.8. Spatial Disorientation.
	10.9. Area Orientation.
	10.10. Unusual Attitudes.
	10.11. Night VFR.
	10.12. Night Overhead Patterns.
	10.13. Night Landings.
	10.14. Abnormal Procedures.

Chapter 11— THREE- AND FOUR-SHIP FORMATIONS
	11.1. Guidelines.
	11.2. Three-Ship Formation Briefing.
	11.3. Runway Lineup:
Figure 11.1. Four-Ship Runway Lineup.
Figure 11.2. Four-Ship Element Lineup.
	11.4. Runup and Takeoffs:
	11.5. Takeoff Aborts.
	11.6. Rejoins (From Takeoff).
	11.7. Turns (From Takeoff).
	11.8. Straight Ahead (From Takeoff).
	11.9. Formation Positions.
Figure 11.3. Four-Ship Fingertip Formation.
Figure 11.4. Four-Ship Fingertip Formation in a Turn.
Figure 11.5. Four-Ship Echelon.
Figure 11.6. Four-Ship Echelon Turn.
Figure 11.7. Echelon Crossunder for Numbers 3 and 4.
Figure 11.8. Echelon Crossunder for Number 2.
	11.10. Route.
	11.11. Rejoins:
	11.12. Overshoot.
	11.13. Leaving Formation (Breaking Out).
	11.14. Speed Brakes.
	11.15. In-Flight Lead Changes:
Figure 11.9. Route Fingertip Lead Change for a Four-Ship Formation.
Figure 11.10.Route Echelon Lead Change for a Four-Ship Formation (Lead to Number 2).
Figure 11.11.Route Echelon Lead Change for a Four-Ship Formation (Lead to Number 4).
	11.16. Three-Ship Formation:
Figure 11.12.Route Fingertip Lead Change for a Three-Ship Formation.
	11.17. Forms Adopted.

Attachment 1— GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION
End of Preview.

RETURN to Main Titles Index or Military Field & Training Manuals
Please Read The Website Disclaimer!
Copyright 1986-2012, The Survival & Self-Reliance Studies Institute (SSRsi), All Rights Reserved
Site conceptualized, designed, created & maintained by MEG Raven
Snail Mail: SSRsi, PO Box 2572 Dillon, CO. 80435-2572